#!/usr/bin/env python # # Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. """ Given a target-files zipfile, produces an OTA package that installs that build. An incremental OTA is produced if -i is given, otherwise a full OTA is produced. Usage: ota_from_target_files [flags] input_target_files output_ota_package -b (--board_config) <file> Deprecated. -k (--package_key) <key> Key to use to sign the package (default is "build/target/product/security/testkey"). -i (--incremental_from) <file> Generate an incremental OTA using the given target-files zip as the starting build. -w (--wipe_user_data) Generate an OTA package that will wipe the user data partition when installed. -n (--no_prereq) Omit the timestamp prereq check normally included at the top of the build scripts (used for developer OTA packages which legitimately need to go back and forth). -e (--extra_script) <file> Insert the contents of file at the end of the update script. -m (--script_mode) <mode> Specify 'amend' or 'edify' scripts, or 'auto' to pick automatically (this is the default). """ import sys if sys.hexversion < 0x02040000: print >> sys.stderr, "Python 2.4 or newer is required." sys.exit(1) import copy import os import re import sha import subprocess import tempfile import time import zipfile import common import amend_generator import edify_generator import both_generator OPTIONS = common.OPTIONS OPTIONS.package_key = "build/target/product/security/testkey" OPTIONS.incremental_source = None OPTIONS.require_verbatim = set() OPTIONS.prohibit_verbatim = set(("system/build.prop",)) OPTIONS.patch_threshold = 0.95 OPTIONS.wipe_user_data = False OPTIONS.omit_prereq = False OPTIONS.extra_script = None OPTIONS.script_mode = 'auto' def MostPopularKey(d, default): """Given a dict, return the key corresponding to the largest value. Returns 'default' if the dict is empty.""" x = [(v, k) for (k, v) in d.iteritems()] if not x: return default x.sort() return x[-1][1] def IsSymlink(info): """Return true if the zipfile.ZipInfo object passed in represents a symlink.""" return (info.external_attr >> 16) == 0120777 class Item: """Items represent the metadata (user, group, mode) of files and directories in the system image.""" ITEMS = {} def __init__(self, name, dir=False): self.name = name self.uid = None self.gid = None self.mode = None self.dir = dir if name: self.parent = Item.Get(os.path.dirname(name), dir=True) self.parent.children.append(self) else: self.parent = None if dir: self.children = [] def Dump(self, indent=0): if self.uid is not None: print "%s%s %d %d %o" % (" "*indent, self.name, self.uid, self.gid, self.mode) else: print "%s%s %s %s %s" % (" "*indent, self.name, self.uid, self.gid, self.mode) if self.dir: print "%s%s" % (" "*indent, self.descendants) print "%s%s" % (" "*indent, self.best_subtree) for i in self.children: i.Dump(indent=indent+1) @classmethod def Get(cls, name, dir=False): if name not in cls.ITEMS: cls.ITEMS[name] = Item(name, dir=dir) return cls.ITEMS[name] @classmethod def GetMetadata(cls): """Run the external 'fs_config' program to determine the desired uid, gid, and mode for every Item object.""" p = common.Run(["fs_config"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) suffix = { False: "", True: "/" } input = "".join(["%s%s\n" % (i.name, suffix[i.dir]) for i in cls.ITEMS.itervalues() if i.name]) output, error = p.communicate(input) assert not error for line in output.split("\n"): if not line: continue name, uid, gid, mode = line.split() i = cls.ITEMS[name] i.uid = int(uid) i.gid = int(gid) i.mode = int(mode, 8) if i.dir: i.children.sort(key=lambda i: i.name) def CountChildMetadata(self): """Count up the (uid, gid, mode) tuples for all children and determine the best strategy for using set_perm_recursive and set_perm to correctly chown/chmod all the files to their desired values. Recursively calls itself for all descendants. Returns a dict of {(uid, gid, dmode, fmode): count} counting up all descendants of this node. (dmode or fmode may be None.) Also sets the best_subtree of each directory Item to the (uid, gid, dmode, fmode) tuple that will match the most descendants of that Item. """ assert self.dir d = self.descendants = {(self.uid, self.gid, self.mode, None): 1} for i in self.children: if i.dir: for k, v in i.CountChildMetadata().iteritems(): d[k] = d.get(k, 0) + v else: k = (i.uid, i.gid, None, i.mode) d[k] = d.get(k, 0) + 1 # Find the (uid, gid, dmode, fmode) tuple that matches the most # descendants. # First, find the (uid, gid) pair that matches the most # descendants. ug = {} for (uid, gid, _, _), count in d.iteritems(): ug[(uid, gid)] = ug.get((uid, gid), 0) + count ug = MostPopularKey(ug, (0, 0)) # Now find the dmode and fmode that match the most descendants # with that (uid, gid), and choose those. best_dmode = (0, 0755) best_fmode = (0, 0644) for k, count in d.iteritems(): if k[:2] != ug: continue if k[2] is not None and count >= best_dmode[0]: best_dmode = (count, k[2]) if k[3] is not None and count >= best_fmode[0]: best_fmode = (count, k[3]) self.best_subtree = ug + (best_dmode[1], best_fmode[1]) return d def SetPermissions(self, script): """Append set_perm/set_perm_recursive commands to 'script' to set all permissions, users, and groups for the tree of files rooted at 'self'.""" self.CountChildMetadata() def recurse(item, current): # current is the (uid, gid, dmode, fmode) tuple that the current # item (and all its children) have already been set to. We only # need to issue set_perm/set_perm_recursive commands if we're # supposed to be something different. if item.dir: if current != item.best_subtree: script.SetPermissionsRecursive("/"+item.name, *item.best_subtree) current = item.best_subtree if item.uid != current[0] or item.gid != current[1] or \ item.mode != current[2]: script.SetPermissions("/"+item.name, item.uid, item.gid, item.mode) for i in item.children: recurse(i, current) else: if item.uid != current[0] or item.gid != current[1] or \ item.mode != current[3]: script.SetPermissions("/"+item.name, item.uid, item.gid, item.mode) recurse(self, (-1, -1, -1, -1)) def CopySystemFiles(input_zip, output_zip=None, substitute=None): """Copies files underneath system/ in the input zip to the output zip. Populates the Item class with their metadata, and returns a list of symlinks. output_zip may be None, in which case the copy is skipped (but the other side effects still happen). substitute is an optional dict of {output filename: contents} to be output instead of certain input files. """ symlinks = [] for info in input_zip.infolist(): if info.filename.startswith("SYSTEM/"): basefilename = info.filename[7:] if IsSymlink(info): symlinks.append((input_zip.read(info.filename), "/system/" + basefilename)) else: info2 = copy.copy(info) fn = info2.filename = "system/" + basefilename if substitute and fn in substitute and substitute[fn] is None: continue if output_zip is not None: if substitute and fn in substitute: data = substitute[fn] else: data = input_zip.read(info.filename) output_zip.writestr(info2, data) if fn.endswith("/"): Item.Get(fn[:-1], dir=True) else: Item.Get(fn, dir=False) symlinks.sort() return symlinks def SignOutput(temp_zip_name, output_zip_name): key_passwords = common.GetKeyPasswords([OPTIONS.package_key]) pw = key_passwords[OPTIONS.package_key] common.SignFile(temp_zip_name, output_zip_name, OPTIONS.package_key, pw) def AppendAssertions(script, input_zip): device = GetBuildProp("ro.product.device", input_zip) script.AssertDevice(device) info = input_zip.read("OTA/android-info.txt") m = re.search(r"require\s+version-bootloader\s*=\s*(\S+)", info) if m: bootloaders = m.group(1).split("|") script.AssertSomeBootloader(*bootloaders) def MakeRecoveryPatch(output_zip, recovery_img, boot_img): """Generate a binary patch that creates the recovery image starting with the boot image. (Most of the space in these images is just the kernel, which is identical for the two, so the resulting patch should be efficient.) Add it to the output zip, along with a shell script that is run from init.rc on first boot to actually do the patching and install the new recovery image. recovery_img and boot_img should be File objects for the corresponding images. Returns an Item for the shell script, which must be made executable. """ patch = Difference(recovery_img, boot_img, "imgdiff") common.ZipWriteStr(output_zip, "system/recovery-from-boot.p", patch) Item.Get("system/recovery-from-boot.p", dir=False) # Images with different content will have a different first page, so # we check to see if this recovery has already been installed by # testing just the first 2k. HEADER_SIZE = 2048 header_sha1 = sha.sha(recovery_img.data[:HEADER_SIZE]).hexdigest() sh = """#!/system/bin/sh if ! applypatch -c MTD:recovery:%(header_size)d:%(header_sha1)s; then log -t recovery "Installing new recovery image" applypatch MTD:boot:%(boot_size)d:%(boot_sha1)s MTD:recovery %(recovery_sha1)s %(recovery_size)d %(boot_sha1)s:/system/recovery-from-boot.p else log -t recovery "Recovery image already installed" fi """ % { 'boot_size': boot_img.size, 'boot_sha1': boot_img.sha1, 'header_size': HEADER_SIZE, 'header_sha1': header_sha1, 'recovery_size': recovery_img.size, 'recovery_sha1': recovery_img.sha1 } common.ZipWriteStr(output_zip, "system/etc/install-recovery.sh", sh) return Item.Get("system/etc/install-recovery.sh", dir=False) def WriteFullOTAPackage(input_zip, output_zip): if OPTIONS.script_mode == "auto": script = both_generator.BothGenerator(2) elif OPTIONS.script_mode == "amend": script = amend_generator.AmendGenerator() else: # TODO: how to determine this? We don't know what version it will # be installed on top of. For now, we expect the API just won't # change very often. script = edify_generator.EdifyGenerator(2) if not OPTIONS.omit_prereq: ts = GetBuildProp("ro.build.date.utc", input_zip) script.AssertOlderBuild(ts) AppendAssertions(script, input_zip) script.ShowProgress(0.1, 0) try: common.ZipWriteStr(output_zip, "radio.img", input_zip.read("RADIO/image")) script.WriteFirmwareImage("radio", "radio.img") except KeyError: print "warning: no radio image in input target_files; not flashing radio" script.ShowProgress(0.5, 0) if OPTIONS.wipe_user_data: script.FormatPartition("userdata") script.FormatPartition("system") script.Mount("MTD", "system", "/system") script.UnpackPackageDir("system", "/system") symlinks = CopySystemFiles(input_zip, output_zip) script.MakeSymlinks(symlinks) boot_img = File("boot.img", common.BuildBootableImage( os.path.join(OPTIONS.input_tmp, "BOOT"))) recovery_img = File("recovery.img", common.BuildBootableImage( os.path.join(OPTIONS.input_tmp, "RECOVERY"))) i = MakeRecoveryPatch(output_zip, recovery_img, boot_img) Item.GetMetadata() # GetMetadata uses the data in android_filesystem_config.h to assign # the uid/gid/mode of all files. We want to override that for the # recovery patching shell script to make it executable. i.uid = 0 i.gid = 0 i.mode = 0544 Item.Get("system").SetPermissions(script) common.CheckSize(boot_img.data, "boot.img") common.ZipWriteStr(output_zip, "boot.img", boot_img.data) script.ShowProgress(0.2, 0) script.WriteRawImage("boot", "boot.img") script.ShowProgress(0.2, 10) if OPTIONS.extra_script is not None: script.AppendExtra(OPTIONS.extra_script) script.AddToZip(input_zip, output_zip) class File(object): def __init__(self, name, data): self.name = name self.data = data self.size = len(data) self.sha1 = sha.sha(data).hexdigest() def WriteToTemp(self): t = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() t.write(self.data) t.flush() return t def AddToZip(self, z): common.ZipWriteStr(z, self.name, self.data) def LoadSystemFiles(z): """Load all the files from SYSTEM/... in a given target-files ZipFile, and return a dict of {filename: File object}.""" out = {} for info in z.infolist(): if info.filename.startswith("SYSTEM/") and not IsSymlink(info): fn = "system/" + info.filename[7:] data = z.read(info.filename) out[fn] = File(fn, data) return out def Difference(tf, sf, diff_program): """Return the patch (as a string of data) needed to turn sf into tf. diff_program is the name of an external program (or list, if additional arguments are desired) to run to generate the diff. """ ttemp = tf.WriteToTemp() stemp = sf.WriteToTemp() ext = os.path.splitext(tf.name)[1] try: ptemp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() if isinstance(diff_program, list): cmd = copy.copy(diff_program) else: cmd = [diff_program] cmd.append(stemp.name) cmd.append(ttemp.name) cmd.append(ptemp.name) p = common.Run(cmd) _, err = p.communicate() if err or p.returncode != 0: print "WARNING: failure running %s:\n%s\n" % (diff_program, err) return None diff = ptemp.read() finally: ptemp.close() stemp.close() ttemp.close() return diff def GetBuildProp(property, z): """Return the fingerprint of the build of a given target-files ZipFile object.""" bp = z.read("SYSTEM/build.prop") if not property: return bp m = re.search(re.escape(property) + r"=(.*)\n", bp) if not m: raise common.ExternalError("couldn't find %s in build.prop" % (property,)) return m.group(1).strip() def GetRecoveryAPIVersion(zip): """Returns the version of the recovery API. Version 0 is the older amend code (no separate binary).""" try: version = zip.read("META/recovery-api-version.txt") return int(version) except KeyError: try: # version one didn't have the recovery-api-version.txt file, but # it did include an updater binary. zip.getinfo("OTA/bin/updater") return 1 except KeyError: return 0 def WriteIncrementalOTAPackage(target_zip, source_zip, output_zip): source_version = GetRecoveryAPIVersion(source_zip) if OPTIONS.script_mode == 'amend': script = amend_generator.AmendGenerator() elif OPTIONS.script_mode == 'edify': if source_version == 0: print ("WARNING: generating edify script for a source that " "can't install it.") script = edify_generator.EdifyGenerator(source_version) elif OPTIONS.script_mode == 'auto': if source_version > 0: script = edify_generator.EdifyGenerator(source_version) else: script = amend_generator.AmendGenerator() else: raise ValueError('unknown script mode "%s"' % (OPTIONS.script_mode,)) print "Loading target..." target_data = LoadSystemFiles(target_zip) print "Loading source..." source_data = LoadSystemFiles(source_zip) verbatim_targets = [] patch_list = [] largest_source_size = 0 for fn in sorted(target_data.keys()): tf = target_data[fn] sf = source_data.get(fn, None) if sf is None or fn in OPTIONS.require_verbatim: # This file should be included verbatim if fn in OPTIONS.prohibit_verbatim: raise common.ExternalError("\"%s\" must be sent verbatim" % (fn,)) print "send", fn, "verbatim" tf.AddToZip(output_zip) verbatim_targets.append((fn, tf.size)) elif tf.sha1 != sf.sha1: # File is different; consider sending as a patch diff_method = "bsdiff" if tf.name.endswith(".gz"): diff_method = "imgdiff" d = Difference(tf, sf, diff_method) if d is not None: print fn, tf.size, len(d), (float(len(d)) / tf.size) if d is None or len(d) > tf.size * OPTIONS.patch_threshold: # patch is almost as big as the file; don't bother patching tf.AddToZip(output_zip) verbatim_targets.append((fn, tf.size)) else: common.ZipWriteStr(output_zip, "patch/" + fn + ".p", d) patch_list.append((fn, tf, sf, tf.size)) largest_source_size = max(largest_source_size, sf.size) else: # Target file identical to source. pass total_verbatim_size = sum([i[1] for i in verbatim_targets]) total_patched_size = sum([i[3] for i in patch_list]) source_fp = GetBuildProp("ro.build.fingerprint", source_zip) target_fp = GetBuildProp("ro.build.fingerprint", target_zip) script.Mount("MTD", "system", "/system") script.AssertSomeFingerprint(source_fp, target_fp) source_boot = File("/tmp/boot.img", common.BuildBootableImage( os.path.join(OPTIONS.source_tmp, "BOOT"))) target_boot = File("/tmp/boot.img", common.BuildBootableImage( os.path.join(OPTIONS.target_tmp, "BOOT"))) updating_boot = (source_boot.data != target_boot.data) source_recovery = File("system/recovery.img", common.BuildBootableImage( os.path.join(OPTIONS.source_tmp, "RECOVERY"))) target_recovery = File("system/recovery.img", common.BuildBootableImage( os.path.join(OPTIONS.target_tmp, "RECOVERY"))) updating_recovery = (source_recovery.data != target_recovery.data) source_radio = source_zip.read("RADIO/image") target_radio = target_zip.read("RADIO/image") updating_radio = (source_radio != target_radio) # The last 0.1 is reserved for creating symlinks, fixing # permissions, and writing the boot image (if necessary). progress_bar_total = 1.0 if updating_boot: progress_bar_total -= 0.1 if updating_radio: progress_bar_total -= 0.3 AppendAssertions(script, target_zip) script.Print("Verifying current system...") pb_verify = progress_bar_total * 0.3 * \ (total_patched_size / float(total_patched_size+total_verbatim_size+1)) for i, (fn, tf, sf, size) in enumerate(patch_list): if i % 5 == 0: next_sizes = sum([i[3] for i in patch_list[i:i+5]]) script.ShowProgress(next_sizes * pb_verify / (total_patched_size+1), 1) script.PatchCheck("/"+fn, tf.sha1, sf.sha1) if updating_boot: d = Difference(target_boot, source_boot, "imgdiff") print "boot target: %d source: %d diff: %d" % ( target_boot.size, source_boot.size, len(d)) common.ZipWriteStr(output_zip, "patch/boot.img.p", d) script.PatchCheck("MTD:boot:%d:%s:%d:%s" % (source_boot.size, source_boot.sha1, target_boot.size, target_boot.sha1)) if patch_list or updating_recovery or updating_boot: script.CacheFreeSpaceCheck(largest_source_size) script.Print("Unpacking patches...") script.UnpackPackageDir("patch", "/tmp/patchtmp") script.Comment("---- start making changes here ----") if OPTIONS.wipe_user_data: script.Print("Erasing user data...") script.FormatPartition("userdata") script.Print("Removing unneeded files...") script.DeleteFiles(["/"+i[0] for i in verbatim_targets] + ["/"+i for i in sorted(source_data) if i not in target_data] + ["/system/recovery.img"]) if updating_boot: # Produce the boot image by applying a patch to the current # contents of the boot partition, and write it back to the # partition. script.Print("Patching boot image...") script.ApplyPatch("MTD:boot:%d:%s:%d:%s" % (source_boot.size, source_boot.sha1, target_boot.size, target_boot.sha1), "-", target_boot.size, target_boot.sha1, source_boot.sha1, "/tmp/patchtmp/boot.img.p") print "boot image changed; including." else: print "boot image unchanged; skipping." if updating_recovery: # Is it better to generate recovery as a patch from the current # boot image, or from the previous recovery image? For large # updates with significant kernel changes, probably the former. # For small updates where the kernel hasn't changed, almost # certainly the latter. We pick the first option. Future # complicated schemes may let us effectively use both. # # A wacky possibility: as long as there is room in the boot # partition, include the binaries and image files from recovery in # the boot image (though not in the ramdisk) so they can be used # as fodder for constructing the recovery image. recovery_sh_item = MakeRecoveryPatch(output_zip, target_recovery, target_boot) print "recovery image changed; including as patch from boot." else: print "recovery image unchanged; skipping." if updating_radio: script.ShowProgress(0.3, 10) script.Print("Writing radio image...") script.WriteFirmwareImage("radio", "radio.img") common.ZipWriteStr(output_zip, "radio.img", target_radio) print "radio image changed; including." else: print "radio image unchanged; skipping." script.Print("Patching system files...") pb_apply = progress_bar_total * 0.7 * \ (total_patched_size / float(total_patched_size+total_verbatim_size+1)) for i, (fn, tf, sf, size) in enumerate(patch_list): if i % 5 == 0: next_sizes = sum([i[3] for i in patch_list[i:i+5]]) script.ShowProgress(next_sizes * pb_apply / (total_patched_size+1), 1) script.ApplyPatch("/"+fn, "-", tf.size, tf.sha1, sf.sha1, "/tmp/patchtmp/"+fn+".p") target_symlinks = CopySystemFiles(target_zip, None) target_symlinks_d = dict([(i[1], i[0]) for i in target_symlinks]) temp_script = script.MakeTemporary() Item.GetMetadata() if updating_recovery: recovery_sh_item.uid = 0 recovery_sh_item.gid = 0 recovery_sh_item.mode = 0544 Item.Get("system").SetPermissions(temp_script) # Note that this call will mess up the tree of Items, so make sure # we're done with it. source_symlinks = CopySystemFiles(source_zip, None) source_symlinks_d = dict([(i[1], i[0]) for i in source_symlinks]) # Delete all the symlinks in source that aren't in target. This # needs to happen before verbatim files are unpacked, in case a # symlink in the source is replaced by a real file in the target. to_delete = [] for dest, link in source_symlinks: if link not in target_symlinks_d: to_delete.append(link) script.DeleteFiles(to_delete) if verbatim_targets: pb_verbatim = progress_bar_total * \ (total_verbatim_size / float(total_patched_size+total_verbatim_size+1)) script.ShowProgress(pb_verbatim, 5) script.Print("Unpacking new files...") script.UnpackPackageDir("system", "/system") script.Print("Finishing up...") # Create all the symlinks that don't already exist, or point to # somewhere different than what we want. Delete each symlink before # creating it, since the 'symlink' command won't overwrite. to_create = [] for dest, link in target_symlinks: if link in source_symlinks_d: if dest != source_symlinks_d[link]: to_create.append((dest, link)) else: to_create.append((dest, link)) script.DeleteFiles([i[1] for i in to_create]) script.MakeSymlinks(to_create) # Now that the symlinks are created, we can set all the # permissions. script.AppendScript(temp_script) if OPTIONS.extra_script is not None: scirpt.AppendExtra(OPTIONS.extra_script) script.AddToZip(target_zip, output_zip) def main(argv): def option_handler(o, a): if o in ("-b", "--board_config"): pass # deprecated elif o in ("-k", "--package_key"): OPTIONS.package_key = a elif o in ("-i", "--incremental_from"): OPTIONS.incremental_source = a elif o in ("-w", "--wipe_user_data"): OPTIONS.wipe_user_data = True elif o in ("-n", "--no_prereq"): OPTIONS.omit_prereq = True elif o in ("-e", "--extra_script"): OPTIONS.extra_script = a elif o in ("-m", "--script_mode"): OPTIONS.script_mode = a else: return False return True args = common.ParseOptions(argv, __doc__, extra_opts="b:k:i:d:wne:m:", extra_long_opts=["board_config=", "package_key=", "incremental_from=", "wipe_user_data", "no_prereq", "extra_script=", "script_mode="], extra_option_handler=option_handler) if len(args) != 2: common.Usage(__doc__) sys.exit(1) if OPTIONS.script_mode not in ("amend", "edify", "auto"): raise ValueError('unknown script mode "%s"' % (OPTIONS.script_mode,)) if OPTIONS.extra_script is not None: OPTIONS.extra_script = open(OPTIONS.extra_script).read() print "unzipping target target-files..." OPTIONS.input_tmp = common.UnzipTemp(args[0]) common.LoadMaxSizes() if not OPTIONS.max_image_size: print print " WARNING: Failed to load max image sizes; will not enforce" print " image size limits." print OPTIONS.target_tmp = OPTIONS.input_tmp input_zip = zipfile.ZipFile(args[0], "r") if OPTIONS.package_key: temp_zip_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() output_zip = zipfile.ZipFile(temp_zip_file, "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) else: output_zip = zipfile.ZipFile(args[1], "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) if OPTIONS.incremental_source is None: WriteFullOTAPackage(input_zip, output_zip) else: print "unzipping source target-files..." OPTIONS.source_tmp = common.UnzipTemp(OPTIONS.incremental_source) source_zip = zipfile.ZipFile(OPTIONS.incremental_source, "r") WriteIncrementalOTAPackage(input_zip, source_zip, output_zip) output_zip.close() if OPTIONS.package_key: SignOutput(temp_zip_file.name, args[1]) temp_zip_file.close() common.Cleanup() print "done." if __name__ == '__main__': try: main(sys.argv[1:]) except common.ExternalError, e: print print " ERROR: %s" % (e,) print sys.exit(1)