// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package runtime
// This file contains the implementation of Go channels.
// Invariants:
// At least one of c.sendq and c.recvq is empty,
// except for the case of an unbuffered channel with a single goroutine
// blocked on it for both sending and receiving using a select statement,
// in which case the length of c.sendq and c.recvq is limited only by the
// size of the select statement.
//
// For buffered channels, also:
// c.qcount > 0 implies that c.recvq is empty.
// c.qcount < c.dataqsiz implies that c.sendq is empty.
import (
"runtime/internal/atomic"
"runtime/internal/math"
"unsafe"
)
const (
maxAlign = 8
hchanSize = unsafe.Sizeof(hchan{}) + uintptr(-int(unsafe.Sizeof(hchan{}))&(maxAlign-1))
debugChan = false
)
type hchan struct {
qcount uint // total data in the queue
dataqsiz uint // size of the circular queue
buf unsafe.Pointer // points to an array of dataqsiz elements
elemsize uint16
closed uint32
elemtype *_type // element type
sendx uint // send index
recvx uint // receive index
recvq waitq // list of recv waiters
sendq waitq // list of send waiters
// lock protects all fields in hchan, as well as several
// fields in sudogs blocked on this channel.
//
// Do not change another G's status while holding this lock
// (in particular, do not ready a G), as this can deadlock
// with stack shrinking.
lock mutex
}
type waitq struct {
first *sudog
last *sudog
}
//go:linkname reflect_makechan reflect.makechan
func reflect_makechan(t *chantype, size int) *hchan {
return makechan(t, size)
}
func makechan64(t *chantype, size int64) *hchan {
if int64(int(size)) != size {
panic(plainError("makechan: size out of range"))
}
return makechan(t, int(size))
}
func makechan(t *chantype, size int) *hchan {
elem := t.elem
// compiler checks this but be safe.
if elem.size >= 1<<16 {
throw("makechan: invalid channel element type")
}
if hchanSize%maxAlign != 0 || elem.align > maxAlign {
throw("makechan: bad alignment")
}
mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(elem.size, uintptr(size))
if overflow || mem > maxAlloc-hchanSize || size < 0 {
panic(plainError("makechan: size out of range"))
}
// Hchan does not contain pointers interesting for GC when elements stored in buf do not contain pointers.
// buf points into the same allocation, elemtype is persistent.
// SudoG's are referenced from their owning thread so they can't be collected.
// TODO(dvyukov,rlh): Rethink when collector can move allocated objects.
var c *hchan
switch {
case mem == 0:
// Queue or element size is zero.
c = (*hchan)(mallocgc(hchanSize, nil, true))
// Race detector uses this location for synchronization.
c.buf = c.raceaddr()
case elem.kind&kindNoPointers != 0:
// Elements do not contain pointers.
// Allocate hchan and buf in one call.
c = (*hchan)(mallocgc(hchanSize+mem, nil, true))
c.buf = add(unsafe.Pointer(c), hchanSize)
default:
// Elements contain pointers.
c = new(hchan)
c.buf = mallocgc(mem, elem, true)
}
c.elemsize = uint16(elem.size)
c.elemtype = elem
c.dataqsiz = uint(size)
if debugChan {
print("makechan: chan=", c, "; elemsize=", elem.size, "; elemalg=", elem.alg, "; dataqsiz=", size, "\n")
}
return c
}
// chanbuf(c, i) is pointer to the i'th slot in the buffer.
func chanbuf(c *hchan, i uint) unsafe.Pointer {
return add(c.buf, uintptr(i)*uintptr(c.elemsize))
}
// entry point for c <- x from compiled code
//go:nosplit
func chansend1(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) {
chansend(c, elem, true, getcallerpc())
}
/*
* generic single channel send/recv
* If block is not nil,
* then the protocol will not
* sleep but return if it could
* not complete.
*
* sleep can wake up with g.param == nil
* when a channel involved in the sleep has
* been closed. it is easiest to loop and re-run
* the operation; we'll see that it's now closed.
*/
func chansend(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool, callerpc uintptr) bool {
if c == nil {
if !block {
return false
}
gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonChanSendNilChan, traceEvGoStop, 2)
throw("unreachable")
}
if debugChan {
print("chansend: chan=", c, "\n")
}
if raceenabled {
racereadpc(c.raceaddr(), callerpc, funcPC(chansend))
}
// Fast path: check for failed non-blocking operation without acquiring the lock.
//
// After observing that the channel is not closed, we observe that the channel is
// not ready for sending. Each of these observations is a single word-sized read
// (first c.closed and second c.recvq.first or c.qcount depending on kind of channel).
// Because a closed channel cannot transition from 'ready for sending' to
// 'not ready for sending', even if the channel is closed between the two observations,
// they imply a moment between the two when the channel was both not yet closed
// and not ready for sending. We behave as if we observed the channel at that moment,
// and report that the send cannot proceed.
//
// It is okay if the reads are reordered here: if we observe that the channel is not
// ready for sending and then observe that it is not closed, that implies that the
// channel wasn't closed during the first observation.
if !block && c.closed == 0 && ((c.dataqsiz == 0 && c.recvq.first == nil) ||
(c.dataqsiz > 0 && c.qcount == c.dataqsiz)) {
return false
}
var t0 int64
if blockprofilerate > 0 {
t0 = cputicks()
}
lock(&c.lock)
if c.closed != 0 {
unlock(&c.lock)
panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
}
if sg := c.recvq.dequeue(); sg != nil {
// Found a waiting receiver. We pass the value we want to send
// directly to the receiver, bypassing the channel buffer (if any).
send(c, sg, ep, func() { unlock(&c.lock) }, 3)
return true
}
if c.qcount < c.dataqsiz {
// Space is available in the channel buffer. Enqueue the element to send.
qp := chanbuf(c, c.sendx)
if raceenabled {
raceacquire(qp)
racerelease(qp)
}
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, qp, ep)
c.sendx++
if c.sendx == c.dataqsiz {
c.sendx = 0
}
c.qcount++
unlock(&c.lock)
return true
}
if !block {
unlock(&c.lock)
return false
}
// Block on the channel. Some receiver will complete our operation for us.
gp := getg()
mysg := acquireSudog()
mysg.releasetime = 0
if t0 != 0 {
mysg.releasetime = -1
}
// No stack splits between assigning elem and enqueuing mysg
// on gp.waiting where copystack can find it.
mysg.elem = ep
mysg.waitlink = nil
mysg.g = gp
mysg.isSelect = false
mysg.c = c
gp.waiting = mysg
gp.param = nil
c.sendq.enqueue(mysg)
goparkunlock(&c.lock, waitReasonChanSend, traceEvGoBlockSend, 3)
// Ensure the value being sent is kept alive until the
// receiver copies it out. The sudog has a pointer to the
// stack object, but sudogs aren't considered as roots of the
// stack tracer.
KeepAlive(ep)
// someone woke us up.
if mysg != gp.waiting {
throw("G waiting list is corrupted")
}
gp.waiting = nil
if gp.param == nil {
if c.closed == 0 {
throw("chansend: spurious wakeup")
}
panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
}
gp.param = nil
if mysg.releasetime > 0 {
blockevent(mysg.releasetime-t0, 2)
}
mysg.c = nil
releaseSudog(mysg)
return true
}
// send processes a send operation on an empty channel c.
// The value ep sent by the sender is copied to the receiver sg.
// The receiver is then woken up to go on its merry way.
// Channel c must be empty and locked. send unlocks c with unlockf.
// sg must already be dequeued from c.
// ep must be non-nil and point to the heap or the caller's stack.
func send(c *hchan, sg *sudog, ep unsafe.Pointer, unlockf func(), skip int) {
if raceenabled {
if c.dataqsiz == 0 {
racesync(c, sg)
} else {
// Pretend we go through the buffer, even though
// we copy directly. Note that we need to increment
// the head/tail locations only when raceenabled.
qp := chanbuf(c, c.recvx)
raceacquire(qp)
racerelease(qp)
raceacquireg(sg.g, qp)
racereleaseg(sg.g, qp)
c.recvx++
if c.recvx == c.dataqsiz {
c.recvx = 0
}
c.sendx = c.recvx // c.sendx = (c.sendx+1) % c.dataqsiz
}
}
if sg.elem != nil {
sendDirect(c.elemtype, sg, ep)
sg.elem = nil
}
gp := sg.g
unlockf()
gp.param = unsafe.Pointer(sg)
if sg.releasetime != 0 {
sg.releasetime = cputicks()
}
goready(gp, skip+1)
}
// Sends and receives on unbuffered or empty-buffered channels are the
// only operations where one running goroutine writes to the stack of
// another running goroutine. The GC assumes that stack writes only
// happen when the goroutine is running and are only done by that
// goroutine. Using a write barrier is sufficient to make up for
// violating that assumption, but the write barrier has to work.
// typedmemmove will call bulkBarrierPreWrite, but the target bytes
// are not in the heap, so that will not help. We arrange to call
// memmove and typeBitsBulkBarrier instead.
func sendDirect(t *_type, sg *sudog, src unsafe.Pointer) {
// src is on our stack, dst is a slot on another stack.
// Once we read sg.elem out of sg, it will no longer
// be updated if the destination's stack gets copied (shrunk).
// So make sure that no preemption points can happen between read & use.
dst := sg.elem
typeBitsBulkBarrier(t, uintptr(dst), uintptr(src), t.size)
// No need for cgo write barrier checks because dst is always
// Go memory.
memmove(dst, src, t.size)
}
func recvDirect(t *_type, sg *sudog, dst unsafe.Pointer) {
// dst is on our stack or the heap, src is on another stack.
// The channel is locked, so src will not move during this
// operation.
src := sg.elem
typeBitsBulkBarrier(t, uintptr(dst), uintptr(src), t.size)
memmove(dst, src, t.size)
}
func closechan(c *hchan) {
if c == nil {
panic(plainError("close of nil channel"))
}
lock(&c.lock)
if c.closed != 0 {
unlock(&c.lock)
panic(plainError("close of closed channel"))
}
if raceenabled {
callerpc := getcallerpc()
racewritepc(c.raceaddr(), callerpc, funcPC(closechan))
racerelease(c.raceaddr())
}
c.closed = 1
var glist gList
// release all readers
for {
sg := c.recvq.dequeue()
if sg == nil {
break
}
if sg.elem != nil {
typedmemclr(c.elemtype, sg.elem)
sg.elem = nil
}
if sg.releasetime != 0 {
sg.releasetime = cputicks()
}
gp := sg.g
gp.param = nil
if raceenabled {
raceacquireg(gp, c.raceaddr())
}
glist.push(gp)
}
// release all writers (they will panic)
for {
sg := c.sendq.dequeue()
if sg == nil {
break
}
sg.elem = nil
if sg.releasetime != 0 {
sg.releasetime = cputicks()
}
gp := sg.g
gp.param = nil
if raceenabled {
raceacquireg(gp, c.raceaddr())
}
glist.push(gp)
}
unlock(&c.lock)
// Ready all Gs now that we've dropped the channel lock.
for !glist.empty() {
gp := glist.pop()
gp.schedlink = 0
goready(gp, 3)
}
}
// entry points for <- c from compiled code
//go:nosplit
func chanrecv1(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) {
chanrecv(c, elem, true)
}
//go:nosplit
func chanrecv2(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) (received bool) {
_, received = chanrecv(c, elem, true)
return
}
// chanrecv receives on channel c and writes the received data to ep.
// ep may be nil, in which case received data is ignored.
// If block == false and no elements are available, returns (false, false).
// Otherwise, if c is closed, zeros *ep and returns (true, false).
// Otherwise, fills in *ep with an element and returns (true, true).
// A non-nil ep must point to the heap or the caller's stack.
func chanrecv(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool) (selected, received bool) {
// raceenabled: don't need to check ep, as it is always on the stack
// or is new memory allocated by reflect.
if debugChan {
print("chanrecv: chan=", c, "\n")
}
if c == nil {
if !block {
return
}
gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonChanReceiveNilChan, traceEvGoStop, 2)
throw("unreachable")
}
// Fast path: check for failed non-blocking operation without acquiring the lock.
//
// After observing that the channel is not ready for receiving, we observe that the
// channel is not closed. Each of these observations is a single word-sized read
// (first c.sendq.first or c.qcount, and second c.closed).
// Because a channel cannot be reopened, the later observation of the channel
// being not closed implies that it was also not closed at the moment of the
// first observation. We behave as if we observed the channel at that moment
// and report that the receive cannot proceed.
//
// The order of operations is important here: reversing the operations can lead to
// incorrect behavior when racing with a close.
if !block && (c.dataqsiz == 0 && c.sendq.first == nil ||
c.dataqsiz > 0 && atomic.Loaduint(&c.qcount) == 0) &&
atomic.Load(&c.closed) == 0 {
return
}
var t0 int64
if blockprofilerate > 0 {
t0 = cputicks()
}
lock(&c.lock)
if c.closed != 0 && c.qcount == 0 {
if raceenabled {
raceacquire(c.raceaddr())
}
unlock(&c.lock)
if ep != nil {
typedmemclr(c.elemtype, ep)
}
return true, false
}
if sg := c.sendq.dequeue(); sg != nil {
// Found a waiting sender. If buffer is size 0, receive value
// directly from sender. Otherwise, receive from head of queue
// and add sender's value to the tail of the queue (both map to
// the same buffer slot because the queue is full).
recv(c, sg, ep, func() { unlock(&c.lock) }, 3)
return true, true
}
if c.qcount > 0 {
// Receive directly from queue
qp := chanbuf(c, c.recvx)
if raceenabled {
raceacquire(qp)
racerelease(qp)
}
if ep != nil {
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, ep, qp)
}
typedmemclr(c.elemtype, qp)
c.recvx++
if c.recvx == c.dataqsiz {
c.recvx = 0
}
c.qcount--
unlock(&c.lock)
return true, true
}
if !block {
unlock(&c.lock)
return false, false
}
// no sender available: block on this channel.
gp := getg()
mysg := acquireSudog()
mysg.releasetime = 0
if t0 != 0 {
mysg.releasetime = -1
}
// No stack splits between assigning elem and enqueuing mysg
// on gp.waiting where copystack can find it.
mysg.elem = ep
mysg.waitlink = nil
gp.waiting = mysg
mysg.g = gp
mysg.isSelect = false
mysg.c = c
gp.param = nil
c.recvq.enqueue(mysg)
goparkunlock(&c.lock, waitReasonChanReceive, traceEvGoBlockRecv, 3)
// someone woke us up
if mysg != gp.waiting {
throw("G waiting list is corrupted")
}
gp.waiting = nil
if mysg.releasetime > 0 {
blockevent(mysg.releasetime-t0, 2)
}
closed := gp.param == nil
gp.param = nil
mysg.c = nil
releaseSudog(mysg)
return true, !closed
}
// recv processes a receive operation on a full channel c.
// There are 2 parts:
// 1) The value sent by the sender sg is put into the channel
// and the sender is woken up to go on its merry way.
// 2) The value received by the receiver (the current G) is
// written to ep.
// For synchronous channels, both values are the same.
// For asynchronous channels, the receiver gets its data from
// the channel buffer and the sender's data is put in the
// channel buffer.
// Channel c must be full and locked. recv unlocks c with unlockf.
// sg must already be dequeued from c.
// A non-nil ep must point to the heap or the caller's stack.
func recv(c *hchan, sg *sudog, ep unsafe.Pointer, unlockf func(), skip int) {
if c.dataqsiz == 0 {
if raceenabled {
racesync(c, sg)
}
if ep != nil {
// copy data from sender
recvDirect(c.elemtype, sg, ep)
}
} else {
// Queue is full. Take the item at the
// head of the queue. Make the sender enqueue
// its item at the tail of the queue. Since the
// queue is full, those are both the same slot.
qp := chanbuf(c, c.recvx)
if raceenabled {
raceacquire(qp)
racerelease(qp)
raceacquireg(sg.g, qp)
racereleaseg(sg.g, qp)
}
// copy data from queue to receiver
if ep != nil {
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, ep, qp)
}
// copy data from sender to queue
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, qp, sg.elem)
c.recvx++
if c.recvx == c.dataqsiz {
c.recvx = 0
}
c.sendx = c.recvx // c.sendx = (c.sendx+1) % c.dataqsiz
}
sg.elem = nil
gp := sg.g
unlockf()
gp.param = unsafe.Pointer(sg)
if sg.releasetime != 0 {
sg.releasetime = cputicks()
}
goready(gp, skip+1)
}
// compiler implements
//
// select {
// case c <- v:
// ... foo
// default:
// ... bar
// }
//
// as
//
// if selectnbsend(c, v) {
// ... foo
// } else {
// ... bar
// }
//
func selectnbsend(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) (selected bool) {
return chansend(c, elem, false, getcallerpc())
}
// compiler implements
//
// select {
// case v = <-c:
// ... foo
// default:
// ... bar
// }
//
// as
//
// if selectnbrecv(&v, c) {
// ... foo
// } else {
// ... bar
// }
//
func selectnbrecv(elem unsafe.Pointer, c *hchan) (selected bool) {
selected, _ = chanrecv(c, elem, false)
return
}
// compiler implements
//
// select {
// case v, ok = <-c:
// ... foo
// default:
// ... bar
// }
//
// as
//
// if c != nil && selectnbrecv2(&v, &ok, c) {
// ... foo
// } else {
// ... bar
// }
//
func selectnbrecv2(elem unsafe.Pointer, received *bool, c *hchan) (selected bool) {
// TODO(khr): just return 2 values from this function, now that it is in Go.
selected, *received = chanrecv(c, elem, false)
return
}
//go:linkname reflect_chansend reflect.chansend
func reflect_chansend(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer, nb bool) (selected bool) {
return chansend(c, elem, !nb, getcallerpc())
}
//go:linkname reflect_chanrecv reflect.chanrecv
func reflect_chanrecv(c *hchan, nb bool, elem unsafe.Pointer) (selected bool, received bool) {
return chanrecv(c, elem, !nb)
}
//go:linkname reflect_chanlen reflect.chanlen
func reflect_chanlen(c *hchan) int {
if c == nil {
return 0
}
return int(c.qcount)
}
//go:linkname reflect_chancap reflect.chancap
func reflect_chancap(c *hchan) int {
if c == nil {
return 0
}
return int(c.dataqsiz)
}
//go:linkname reflect_chanclose reflect.chanclose
func reflect_chanclose(c *hchan) {
closechan(c)
}
func (q *waitq) enqueue(sgp *sudog) {
sgp.next = nil
x := q.last
if x == nil {
sgp.prev = nil
q.first = sgp
q.last = sgp
return
}
sgp.prev = x
x.next = sgp
q.last = sgp
}
func (q *waitq) dequeue() *sudog {
for {
sgp := q.first
if sgp == nil {
return nil
}
y := sgp.next
if y == nil {
q.first = nil
q.last = nil
} else {
y.prev = nil
q.first = y
sgp.next = nil // mark as removed (see dequeueSudog)
}
// if a goroutine was put on this queue because of a
// select, there is a small window between the goroutine
// being woken up by a different case and it grabbing the
// channel locks. Once it has the lock
// it removes itself from the queue, so we won't see it after that.
// We use a flag in the G struct to tell us when someone
// else has won the race to signal this goroutine but the goroutine
// hasn't removed itself from the queue yet.
if sgp.isSelect {
if !atomic.Cas(&sgp.g.selectDone, 0, 1) {
continue
}
}
return sgp
}
}
func (c *hchan) raceaddr() unsafe.Pointer {
// Treat read-like and write-like operations on the channel to
// happen at this address. Avoid using the address of qcount
// or dataqsiz, because the len() and cap() builtins read
// those addresses, and we don't want them racing with
// operations like close().
return unsafe.Pointer(&c.buf)
}
func racesync(c *hchan, sg *sudog) {
racerelease(chanbuf(c, 0))
raceacquireg(sg.g, chanbuf(c, 0))
racereleaseg(sg.g, chanbuf(c, 0))
raceacquire(chanbuf(c, 0))
}