<html>
<head>
<title>Controlling the Embedded VM</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="android.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>Controlling the Embedded VM</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a> (read this first!)
<li><a href="#checkjni">Extended JNI Checks</a>
<li><a href="#assertions">Assertions</a>
<li><a href="#verifier">Bytecode Verification and Optimization</a>
<li><a href="#execmode">Execution Mode</a>
<li><a href="#dp">Deadlock Prediction</a>
<li><a href="#stackdump">Stack Dumps</a>
<li><a href="#dexcheck">DEX File Checksums</a>
</ul>
<h2><a name="introduction">Introduction (read this first!)</a></h2>
<p>The Dalvik VM supports a variety of command-line arguments
(use <code>adb shell dalvikvm -help</code> to get a summary), but
it's not possible to pass arbitrary arguments through the
Android application runtime. It is, however, possible to affect the
VM behavior through certain system properties.
<p>For all of the features described below, you would set the system property
with <code>setprop</code>,
issuing a shell command on the device like this:
<pre>adb shell setprop <name> <value></pre>
<p><strong>The Android runtime must be restarted before the changes will take
effect</strong> (<code>adb shell stop; adb shell start</code>). This is because the
settings are processed in the "zygote" process, which starts early and stays
around "forever".
<p>You may not be able to set <code>dalvik.*</code> properties or restart
the system as an unprivileged user. You can use
<code>adb root</code> or run the <code>su</code> command from the device
shell on "userdebug" builds to become root first. When in doubt,
<pre>adb shell getprop <name></pre>
will tell you if the <code>setprop</code> took.
<p>If you don't want the property to evaporate when the device reboots,
add a line to <code>/data/local.prop</code> that looks like:
<pre><name> = <value></pre>
<p>Such changes will survive reboots, but will be lost if the data
partition is wiped. (Hint: create a <code>local.prop</code>
on your workstation, then <code>adb push local.prop /data</code>. Or,
use one-liners like
<code>adb shell "echo name = value >> /data/local.prop"</code> -- note
the quotes are important.)
<h2><a name="checkjni">Extended JNI Checks</a></h2>
<p>JNI, the Java Native Interface, provides a way for code written in the
Java programming language
interact with native (C/C++) code. The extended JNI checks will cause
the system to run more slowly, but they can spot a variety of nasty bugs
before they have a chance to cause problems.
<p>There are two system properties that affect this feature, which is
enabled with the <code>-Xcheck:jni</code> command-line argument. The
first is <code>ro.kernel.android.checkjni</code>. This is set by the
Android build system for development builds. (It may also be set by
the Android emulator unless the <code>-nojni</code> flag is provided on the
emulator command line.) Because this is an "ro." property, the value cannot
be changed once the device has started.
<p>To allow toggling of the CheckJNI flag, a second
property, <code>dalvik.vm.checkjni</code>, is also checked. The value
of this overrides the value from <code>ro.kernel.android.checkjni</code>.
<p>If neither property is defined, or <code>dalvik.vm.checkjni</code>
is set to <code>false</code>, the <code>-Xcheck:jni</code> flag is
not passed in, and JNI checks will be disabled.
<p>To enable JNI checking:
<pre>adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.checkjni true</pre>
<p>You can also pass JNI-checking options into the VM through a system
property. The value set for <code>dalvik.vm.jniopts</code> will
be passed in as the <code>-Xjniopts</code> argument. For example:
<pre>adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.jniopts forcecopy</pre>
<p>For more information about JNI checks, see
<a href="jni-tips.html">JNI Tips</a>.
<h2><a name="assertions">Assertions</a></h2>
<p>Dalvik VM supports the Java programming language "assert" statement.
By default they are off, but the <code>dalvik.vm.enableassertions</code>
property provides a way to set the value for a <code>-ea</code> argument.
<p>The argument behaves the same as it does in other desktop VMs. You
can provide a class name, a package name (followed by "..."), or the
special value "all".
<p>For example, this:
<pre>adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.enableassertions all</pre>
enables assertions in all non-system classes.
<p>The system property is much more limited than the full command line.
It is not possible to specify more than one <code>-ea</code> entry, and there
is no way to specify a <code>-da</code> entry. There is presently no
equivalent for <code>-esa</code>/<code>-dsa</code>.
<h2><a name="verifier">Bytecode Verification and Optimization</a></h2>
<p>The system tries to pre-verify all classes in a DEX file to reduce
class load overhead, and performs a series of optimizations to improve
runtime performance. Both of these are done by the <code>dexopt</code>
command, either in the build system or by the installer. On a development
device, <code>dexopt</code> may be run the first time a DEX file is used
and whenever it or one of its dependencies is updated ("just-in-time"
optimization and verification).
<p>There are two command-line flags that control the just-in-time
verification and optimization,
<code>-Xverify</code> and <code>-Xdexopt</code>. The Android framework
configures these based on the <code>dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags</code>
property.
<p>If you set:
<pre>adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags v=a,o=v</pre>
then the framework will pass <code>-Xverify:all -Xdexopt:verified</code>
to the VM. This enables verification, and only optimizes classes that
successfully verified. This is the safest setting, and is the default.
<p>You could also set <code>dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags</code> to <code>v=n</code>
to have the framework pass <code>-Xverify:none -Xdexopt:verified</code>
to disable verification. (We could pass in <code>-Xdexopt:all</code> to
allow optimization, but that wouldn't necessarily optimize more of the
code, since classes that fail verification may well be skipped by the
optimizer for the same reasons.) Classes will not be verified by
<code>dexopt</code>, and unverified code will be loaded and executed.
<p>Enabling verification will make the <code>dexopt</code> command
take significantly longer, because the verification process is fairly slow.
Once the verified and optimized DEX files have been prepared, verification
incurs no additional overhead except when loading classes that failed
to pre-verify.
<p>If your DEX files are processed with verification disabled, and you
later turn the verifier on, application loading will be noticeably
slower (perhaps 40% or more) as classes are verified on first use.
<p>For best results you should force a re-dexopt of all DEX files when
this property changes. You can do this with:
<pre>adb shell "rm /data/dalvik-cache/*"</pre>
This removes the cached versions of the DEX files. Remember to
stop and restart the runtime (<code>adb shell stop; adb shell start</code>).
<p>(Previous version of the runtime supported the boolean
<code>dalvik.vm.verify-bytecode</code> property, but that has been
superceded by <code>dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags</code>.)</p>
<h2><a name="execmode">Execution Mode</a></h2>
<p>The current implementation of the Dalvik VM includes three distinct
interpreter cores. These are referred to as "fast", "portable", and
"debug". The "fast" interpreter is optimized for the current
platform, and might consist of hand-optimized assembly routines. In
constrast, the "portable" interpreter is written in C and expected to
run on a broad range of platforms. The "debug" interpreter is a variant
of "portable" that includes support for profiling and single-stepping.
<p>The VM may also support just-in-time compilation. While not strictly
a different interpreter, the JIT compiler may be enabled or disabled
with the same flag. (Check the output of <code>dalvikvm -help</code> to
see if JIT compilation is enabled in your VM.)
<p>The VM allows you to choose between "fast", "portable", and "jit" with an
extended form of the <code>-Xint</code> argument. The value of this
argument can be set through the <code>dalvik.vm.execution-mode</code>
system property.
<p>To select the "portable" interpreter, you would use:
<pre>adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.execution-mode int:portable</pre>
If the property is not specified, the most appropriate interpreter
will be selected automatically. At some point this mechanism may allow
selection of other modes, such as JIT compilation.
<p>Not all platforms have an optimized implementation. In such cases,
the "fast" interpreter is generated as a series of C stubs, and the
result will be slower than the
"portable" version. (When we have optimized versions for all popular
architectures the naming convention will be more accurate.)
<p>If profiling is enabled or a debugger is attached, the VM
switches to the "debug" interpreter. When profiling ends or the debugger
disconnects, the original interpreter is resumed. (The "debug" interpreter
is substantially slower, something to keep in mind when evaluating
profiling data.)
<p>The JIT compiler can be disabled on a per-application basis by adding
<code>android:vmSafeMode="true"</code> in the <code>application</code>
tag in <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code>. This can be useful if you
suspect that JIT compilation is causing your application to behave
incorrectly.
<h2><a name="dp">Deadlock Prediction</a></h2>
<p>If the VM is built with <code>WITH_DEADLOCK_PREDICTION</code>, the deadlock
predictor can be enabled with the <code>-Xdeadlockpredict</code> argument.
(The output from <code>dalvikvm -help</code> will tell you if the VM was
built appropriately -- look for <code>deadlock_prediction</code> on the
<code>Configured with:</code> line.)
This feature tells the VM to keep track of the order in which object
monitor locks are acquired. If the program attempts to acquire a set
of locks in a different order from what was seen earlier, the VM logs
a warning and optionally throws an exception.
<p>The command-line argument is set based on the
<code>dalvik.vm.deadlock-predict</code> property. Valid values are
<code>off</code> to disable it (default), <code>warn</code> to log the
problem but continue executing, <code>err</code> to cause a
<code>dalvik.system.PotentialDeadlockError</code> to be thrown from the
<code>monitor-enter</code> instruction, and <code>abort</code> to have
the entire VM abort.
<p>You will usually want to use:
<pre>adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.deadlock-predict err</pre>
unless you are keeping an eye on the logs as they scroll by.
<p>Please note that this feature is deadlock prediction, not deadlock
detection -- in the current implementation, the computations are performed
after the lock is acquired (this simplifies the code, reducing the
overhead added to every mutex operation). You can spot a deadlock in a
hung process by sending a <code>kill -3</code> and examining the stack
trace written to the log.
<p>This only takes monitors into account. Native mutexes and other resources
can also be the cause of deadlocks, but will not be detected by this.
<h2><a name="stackdump">Stack Dumps</a></h2>
<p>Like other desktop VMs, when the Dalvik VM receives a SIGQUIT
(Ctrl-\ or <code>kill -3</code>), it dumps stack traces for all threads.
By default this goes to the Android log, but it can also be written to a file.
<p>The <code>dalvik.vm.stack-trace-file</code> property allows you to
specify the name of the file where the thread stack traces will be written.
The file will be created (world writable) if it doesn't exist, and the
new information will be appended to the end of the file. The filename
is passed into the VM via the <code>-Xstacktracefile</code> argument.
<p>For example:
<pre>adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.stack-trace-file /tmp/stack-traces.txt</pre>
<p>If the property is not defined, the VM will write the stack traces to
the Android log when the signal arrives.
<h2><a name="dexcheck">DEX File Checksums</a></h2>
<p>For performance reasons, the checksum on "optimized" DEX files is
ignored. This is usually safe, because the files are generated on the
device, and have access permissions that prevent modification.
<p>If the storage on a device becomes unreliable, however, data corruption
can occur. This usually manifests itself as a repeatable virtual machine
crash. To speed diagnosis of such failures, the VM provides the
<code>-Xcheckdexsum</code> argument. When set, the checksums on all DEX
files are verified before the contents are used.
<p>The application framework will provide this argument during VM
creation if the <code>dalvik.vm.check-dex-sum</code> property is enabled.
<p>To enable extended DEX checksum verification:
<pre>adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.check-dex-sum true</pre>
<p>Incorrect checksums will prevent the DEX data from being used, and will
cause errors to be written to the log file. If a device has a history of
problems it may be useful to add the property to
<code>/data/local.prop</code>.
<p>Note also that the
<code>dexdump</code> tool always verifies DEX checksums, and can be used
to check for corruption in a large set of files.
<address>Copyright © 2008 The Android Open Source Project</address>
</body></html>