//===-- ThreadSanitizer.cpp - race detector -------------------------------===// // // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure // // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // // This file is a part of ThreadSanitizer, a race detector. // // The tool is under development, for the details about previous versions see // http://code.google.com/p/data-race-test // // The instrumentation phase is quite simple: // - Insert calls to run-time library before every memory access. // - Optimizations may apply to avoid instrumenting some of the accesses. // - Insert calls at function entry/exit. // The rest is handled by the run-time library. //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation.h" #include "llvm/ADT/SmallSet.h" #include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h" #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h" #include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h" #include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h" #include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h" #include "llvm/IR/Function.h" #include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h" #include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h" #include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h" #include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h" #include "llvm/IR/Metadata.h" #include "llvm/IR/Module.h" #include "llvm/IR/Type.h" #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h" #include "llvm/Support/Debug.h" #include "llvm/Support/MathExtras.h" #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h" #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/BasicBlockUtils.h" #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ModuleUtils.h" using namespace llvm; #define DEBUG_TYPE "tsan" static cl::opt<bool> ClInstrumentMemoryAccesses( "tsan-instrument-memory-accesses", cl::init(true), cl::desc("Instrument memory accesses"), cl::Hidden); static cl::opt<bool> ClInstrumentFuncEntryExit( "tsan-instrument-func-entry-exit", cl::init(true), cl::desc("Instrument function entry and exit"), cl::Hidden); static cl::opt<bool> ClInstrumentAtomics( "tsan-instrument-atomics", cl::init(true), cl::desc("Instrument atomics"), cl::Hidden); static cl::opt<bool> ClInstrumentMemIntrinsics( "tsan-instrument-memintrinsics", cl::init(true), cl::desc("Instrument memintrinsics (memset/memcpy/memmove)"), cl::Hidden); STATISTIC(NumInstrumentedReads, "Number of instrumented reads"); STATISTIC(NumInstrumentedWrites, "Number of instrumented writes"); STATISTIC(NumOmittedReadsBeforeWrite, "Number of reads ignored due to following writes"); STATISTIC(NumAccessesWithBadSize, "Number of accesses with bad size"); STATISTIC(NumInstrumentedVtableWrites, "Number of vtable ptr writes"); STATISTIC(NumInstrumentedVtableReads, "Number of vtable ptr reads"); STATISTIC(NumOmittedReadsFromConstantGlobals, "Number of reads from constant globals"); STATISTIC(NumOmittedReadsFromVtable, "Number of vtable reads"); namespace { /// ThreadSanitizer: instrument the code in module to find races. struct ThreadSanitizer : public FunctionPass { ThreadSanitizer() : FunctionPass(ID), DL(nullptr) {} const char *getPassName() const override; bool runOnFunction(Function &F) override; bool doInitialization(Module &M) override; static char ID; // Pass identification, replacement for typeid. private: void initializeCallbacks(Module &M); bool instrumentLoadOrStore(Instruction *I); bool instrumentAtomic(Instruction *I); bool instrumentMemIntrinsic(Instruction *I); void chooseInstructionsToInstrument(SmallVectorImpl<Instruction*> &Local, SmallVectorImpl<Instruction*> &All); bool addrPointsToConstantData(Value *Addr); int getMemoryAccessFuncIndex(Value *Addr); const DataLayout *DL; Type *IntptrTy; IntegerType *OrdTy; // Callbacks to run-time library are computed in doInitialization. Function *TsanFuncEntry; Function *TsanFuncExit; // Accesses sizes are powers of two: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16. static const size_t kNumberOfAccessSizes = 5; Function *TsanRead[kNumberOfAccessSizes]; Function *TsanWrite[kNumberOfAccessSizes]; Function *TsanAtomicLoad[kNumberOfAccessSizes]; Function *TsanAtomicStore[kNumberOfAccessSizes]; Function *TsanAtomicRMW[AtomicRMWInst::LAST_BINOP + 1][kNumberOfAccessSizes]; Function *TsanAtomicCAS[kNumberOfAccessSizes]; Function *TsanAtomicThreadFence; Function *TsanAtomicSignalFence; Function *TsanVptrUpdate; Function *TsanVptrLoad; Function *MemmoveFn, *MemcpyFn, *MemsetFn; }; } // namespace char ThreadSanitizer::ID = 0; INITIALIZE_PASS(ThreadSanitizer, "tsan", "ThreadSanitizer: detects data races.", false, false) const char *ThreadSanitizer::getPassName() const { return "ThreadSanitizer"; } FunctionPass *llvm::createThreadSanitizerPass() { return new ThreadSanitizer(); } static Function *checkInterfaceFunction(Constant *FuncOrBitcast) { if (Function *F = dyn_cast<Function>(FuncOrBitcast)) return F; FuncOrBitcast->dump(); report_fatal_error("ThreadSanitizer interface function redefined"); } void ThreadSanitizer::initializeCallbacks(Module &M) { IRBuilder<> IRB(M.getContext()); // Initialize the callbacks. TsanFuncEntry = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "__tsan_func_entry", IRB.getVoidTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), NULL)); TsanFuncExit = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "__tsan_func_exit", IRB.getVoidTy(), NULL)); OrdTy = IRB.getInt32Ty(); for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumberOfAccessSizes; ++i) { const size_t ByteSize = 1 << i; const size_t BitSize = ByteSize * 8; SmallString<32> ReadName("__tsan_read" + itostr(ByteSize)); TsanRead[i] = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( ReadName, IRB.getVoidTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), NULL)); SmallString<32> WriteName("__tsan_write" + itostr(ByteSize)); TsanWrite[i] = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( WriteName, IRB.getVoidTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), NULL)); Type *Ty = Type::getIntNTy(M.getContext(), BitSize); Type *PtrTy = Ty->getPointerTo(); SmallString<32> AtomicLoadName("__tsan_atomic" + itostr(BitSize) + "_load"); TsanAtomicLoad[i] = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( AtomicLoadName, Ty, PtrTy, OrdTy, NULL)); SmallString<32> AtomicStoreName("__tsan_atomic" + itostr(BitSize) + "_store"); TsanAtomicStore[i] = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( AtomicStoreName, IRB.getVoidTy(), PtrTy, Ty, OrdTy, NULL)); for (int op = AtomicRMWInst::FIRST_BINOP; op <= AtomicRMWInst::LAST_BINOP; ++op) { TsanAtomicRMW[op][i] = nullptr; const char *NamePart = nullptr; if (op == AtomicRMWInst::Xchg) NamePart = "_exchange"; else if (op == AtomicRMWInst::Add) NamePart = "_fetch_add"; else if (op == AtomicRMWInst::Sub) NamePart = "_fetch_sub"; else if (op == AtomicRMWInst::And) NamePart = "_fetch_and"; else if (op == AtomicRMWInst::Or) NamePart = "_fetch_or"; else if (op == AtomicRMWInst::Xor) NamePart = "_fetch_xor"; else if (op == AtomicRMWInst::Nand) NamePart = "_fetch_nand"; else continue; SmallString<32> RMWName("__tsan_atomic" + itostr(BitSize) + NamePart); TsanAtomicRMW[op][i] = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( RMWName, Ty, PtrTy, Ty, OrdTy, NULL)); } SmallString<32> AtomicCASName("__tsan_atomic" + itostr(BitSize) + "_compare_exchange_val"); TsanAtomicCAS[i] = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( AtomicCASName, Ty, PtrTy, Ty, Ty, OrdTy, OrdTy, NULL)); } TsanVptrUpdate = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "__tsan_vptr_update", IRB.getVoidTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), NULL)); TsanVptrLoad = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "__tsan_vptr_read", IRB.getVoidTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), NULL)); TsanAtomicThreadFence = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "__tsan_atomic_thread_fence", IRB.getVoidTy(), OrdTy, NULL)); TsanAtomicSignalFence = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "__tsan_atomic_signal_fence", IRB.getVoidTy(), OrdTy, NULL)); MemmoveFn = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "memmove", IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IntptrTy, NULL)); MemcpyFn = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "memcpy", IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IntptrTy, NULL)); MemsetFn = checkInterfaceFunction(M.getOrInsertFunction( "memset", IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IRB.getInt8PtrTy(), IRB.getInt32Ty(), IntptrTy, NULL)); } bool ThreadSanitizer::doInitialization(Module &M) { DataLayoutPass *DLP = getAnalysisIfAvailable<DataLayoutPass>(); if (!DLP) report_fatal_error("data layout missing"); DL = &DLP->getDataLayout(); // Always insert a call to __tsan_init into the module's CTORs. IRBuilder<> IRB(M.getContext()); IntptrTy = IRB.getIntPtrTy(DL); Value *TsanInit = M.getOrInsertFunction("__tsan_init", IRB.getVoidTy(), NULL); appendToGlobalCtors(M, cast<Function>(TsanInit), 0); return true; } static bool isVtableAccess(Instruction *I) { if (MDNode *Tag = I->getMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_tbaa)) return Tag->isTBAAVtableAccess(); return false; } bool ThreadSanitizer::addrPointsToConstantData(Value *Addr) { // If this is a GEP, just analyze its pointer operand. if (GetElementPtrInst *GEP = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(Addr)) Addr = GEP->getPointerOperand(); if (GlobalVariable *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(Addr)) { if (GV->isConstant()) { // Reads from constant globals can not race with any writes. NumOmittedReadsFromConstantGlobals++; return true; } } else if (LoadInst *L = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(Addr)) { if (isVtableAccess(L)) { // Reads from a vtable pointer can not race with any writes. NumOmittedReadsFromVtable++; return true; } } return false; } // Instrumenting some of the accesses may be proven redundant. // Currently handled: // - read-before-write (within same BB, no calls between) // // We do not handle some of the patterns that should not survive // after the classic compiler optimizations. // E.g. two reads from the same temp should be eliminated by CSE, // two writes should be eliminated by DSE, etc. // // 'Local' is a vector of insns within the same BB (no calls between). // 'All' is a vector of insns that will be instrumented. void ThreadSanitizer::chooseInstructionsToInstrument( SmallVectorImpl<Instruction*> &Local, SmallVectorImpl<Instruction*> &All) { SmallSet<Value*, 8> WriteTargets; // Iterate from the end. for (SmallVectorImpl<Instruction*>::reverse_iterator It = Local.rbegin(), E = Local.rend(); It != E; ++It) { Instruction *I = *It; if (StoreInst *Store = dyn_cast<StoreInst>(I)) { WriteTargets.insert(Store->getPointerOperand()); } else { LoadInst *Load = cast<LoadInst>(I); Value *Addr = Load->getPointerOperand(); if (WriteTargets.count(Addr)) { // We will write to this temp, so no reason to analyze the read. NumOmittedReadsBeforeWrite++; continue; } if (addrPointsToConstantData(Addr)) { // Addr points to some constant data -- it can not race with any writes. continue; } } All.push_back(I); } Local.clear(); } static bool isAtomic(Instruction *I) { if (LoadInst *LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(I)) return LI->isAtomic() && LI->getSynchScope() == CrossThread; if (StoreInst *SI = dyn_cast<StoreInst>(I)) return SI->isAtomic() && SI->getSynchScope() == CrossThread; if (isa<AtomicRMWInst>(I)) return true; if (isa<AtomicCmpXchgInst>(I)) return true; if (isa<FenceInst>(I)) return true; return false; } bool ThreadSanitizer::runOnFunction(Function &F) { if (!DL) return false; initializeCallbacks(*F.getParent()); SmallVector<Instruction*, 8> RetVec; SmallVector<Instruction*, 8> AllLoadsAndStores; SmallVector<Instruction*, 8> LocalLoadsAndStores; SmallVector<Instruction*, 8> AtomicAccesses; SmallVector<Instruction*, 8> MemIntrinCalls; bool Res = false; bool HasCalls = false; bool SanitizeFunction = F.hasFnAttribute(Attribute::SanitizeThread); // Traverse all instructions, collect loads/stores/returns, check for calls. for (auto &BB : F) { for (auto &Inst : BB) { if (isAtomic(&Inst)) AtomicAccesses.push_back(&Inst); else if (isa<LoadInst>(Inst) || isa<StoreInst>(Inst)) LocalLoadsAndStores.push_back(&Inst); else if (isa<ReturnInst>(Inst)) RetVec.push_back(&Inst); else if (isa<CallInst>(Inst) || isa<InvokeInst>(Inst)) { if (isa<MemIntrinsic>(Inst)) MemIntrinCalls.push_back(&Inst); HasCalls = true; chooseInstructionsToInstrument(LocalLoadsAndStores, AllLoadsAndStores); } } chooseInstructionsToInstrument(LocalLoadsAndStores, AllLoadsAndStores); } // We have collected all loads and stores. // FIXME: many of these accesses do not need to be checked for races // (e.g. variables that do not escape, etc). // Instrument memory accesses only if we want to report bugs in the function. if (ClInstrumentMemoryAccesses && SanitizeFunction) for (auto Inst : AllLoadsAndStores) { Res |= instrumentLoadOrStore(Inst); } // Instrument atomic memory accesses in any case (they can be used to // implement synchronization). if (ClInstrumentAtomics) for (auto Inst : AtomicAccesses) { Res |= instrumentAtomic(Inst); } if (ClInstrumentMemIntrinsics && SanitizeFunction) for (auto Inst : MemIntrinCalls) { Res |= instrumentMemIntrinsic(Inst); } // Instrument function entry/exit points if there were instrumented accesses. if ((Res || HasCalls) && ClInstrumentFuncEntryExit) { IRBuilder<> IRB(F.getEntryBlock().getFirstNonPHI()); Value *ReturnAddress = IRB.CreateCall( Intrinsic::getDeclaration(F.getParent(), Intrinsic::returnaddress), IRB.getInt32(0)); IRB.CreateCall(TsanFuncEntry, ReturnAddress); for (auto RetInst : RetVec) { IRBuilder<> IRBRet(RetInst); IRBRet.CreateCall(TsanFuncExit); } Res = true; } return Res; } bool ThreadSanitizer::instrumentLoadOrStore(Instruction *I) { IRBuilder<> IRB(I); bool IsWrite = isa<StoreInst>(*I); Value *Addr = IsWrite ? cast<StoreInst>(I)->getPointerOperand() : cast<LoadInst>(I)->getPointerOperand(); int Idx = getMemoryAccessFuncIndex(Addr); if (Idx < 0) return false; if (IsWrite && isVtableAccess(I)) { DEBUG(dbgs() << " VPTR : " << *I << "\n"); Value *StoredValue = cast<StoreInst>(I)->getValueOperand(); // StoredValue may be a vector type if we are storing several vptrs at once. // In this case, just take the first element of the vector since this is // enough to find vptr races. if (isa<VectorType>(StoredValue->getType())) StoredValue = IRB.CreateExtractElement( StoredValue, ConstantInt::get(IRB.getInt32Ty(), 0)); if (StoredValue->getType()->isIntegerTy()) StoredValue = IRB.CreateIntToPtr(StoredValue, IRB.getInt8PtrTy()); // Call TsanVptrUpdate. IRB.CreateCall2(TsanVptrUpdate, IRB.CreatePointerCast(Addr, IRB.getInt8PtrTy()), IRB.CreatePointerCast(StoredValue, IRB.getInt8PtrTy())); NumInstrumentedVtableWrites++; return true; } if (!IsWrite && isVtableAccess(I)) { IRB.CreateCall(TsanVptrLoad, IRB.CreatePointerCast(Addr, IRB.getInt8PtrTy())); NumInstrumentedVtableReads++; return true; } Value *OnAccessFunc = IsWrite ? TsanWrite[Idx] : TsanRead[Idx]; IRB.CreateCall(OnAccessFunc, IRB.CreatePointerCast(Addr, IRB.getInt8PtrTy())); if (IsWrite) NumInstrumentedWrites++; else NumInstrumentedReads++; return true; } static ConstantInt *createOrdering(IRBuilder<> *IRB, AtomicOrdering ord) { uint32_t v = 0; switch (ord) { case NotAtomic: assert(false); case Unordered: // Fall-through. case Monotonic: v = 0; break; // case Consume: v = 1; break; // Not specified yet. case Acquire: v = 2; break; case Release: v = 3; break; case AcquireRelease: v = 4; break; case SequentiallyConsistent: v = 5; break; } return IRB->getInt32(v); } // If a memset intrinsic gets inlined by the code gen, we will miss races on it. // So, we either need to ensure the intrinsic is not inlined, or instrument it. // We do not instrument memset/memmove/memcpy intrinsics (too complicated), // instead we simply replace them with regular function calls, which are then // intercepted by the run-time. // Since tsan is running after everyone else, the calls should not be // replaced back with intrinsics. If that becomes wrong at some point, // we will need to call e.g. __tsan_memset to avoid the intrinsics. bool ThreadSanitizer::instrumentMemIntrinsic(Instruction *I) { IRBuilder<> IRB(I); if (MemSetInst *M = dyn_cast<MemSetInst>(I)) { IRB.CreateCall3(MemsetFn, IRB.CreatePointerCast(M->getArgOperand(0), IRB.getInt8PtrTy()), IRB.CreateIntCast(M->getArgOperand(1), IRB.getInt32Ty(), false), IRB.CreateIntCast(M->getArgOperand(2), IntptrTy, false)); I->eraseFromParent(); } else if (MemTransferInst *M = dyn_cast<MemTransferInst>(I)) { IRB.CreateCall3(isa<MemCpyInst>(M) ? MemcpyFn : MemmoveFn, IRB.CreatePointerCast(M->getArgOperand(0), IRB.getInt8PtrTy()), IRB.CreatePointerCast(M->getArgOperand(1), IRB.getInt8PtrTy()), IRB.CreateIntCast(M->getArgOperand(2), IntptrTy, false)); I->eraseFromParent(); } return false; } // Both llvm and ThreadSanitizer atomic operations are based on C++11/C1x // standards. For background see C++11 standard. A slightly older, publicly // available draft of the standard (not entirely up-to-date, but close enough // for casual browsing) is available here: // http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf // The following page contains more background information: // http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/c++mm/ bool ThreadSanitizer::instrumentAtomic(Instruction *I) { IRBuilder<> IRB(I); if (LoadInst *LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(I)) { Value *Addr = LI->getPointerOperand(); int Idx = getMemoryAccessFuncIndex(Addr); if (Idx < 0) return false; const size_t ByteSize = 1 << Idx; const size_t BitSize = ByteSize * 8; Type *Ty = Type::getIntNTy(IRB.getContext(), BitSize); Type *PtrTy = Ty->getPointerTo(); Value *Args[] = {IRB.CreatePointerCast(Addr, PtrTy), createOrdering(&IRB, LI->getOrdering())}; CallInst *C = CallInst::Create(TsanAtomicLoad[Idx], ArrayRef<Value*>(Args)); ReplaceInstWithInst(I, C); } else if (StoreInst *SI = dyn_cast<StoreInst>(I)) { Value *Addr = SI->getPointerOperand(); int Idx = getMemoryAccessFuncIndex(Addr); if (Idx < 0) return false; const size_t ByteSize = 1 << Idx; const size_t BitSize = ByteSize * 8; Type *Ty = Type::getIntNTy(IRB.getContext(), BitSize); Type *PtrTy = Ty->getPointerTo(); Value *Args[] = {IRB.CreatePointerCast(Addr, PtrTy), IRB.CreateIntCast(SI->getValueOperand(), Ty, false), createOrdering(&IRB, SI->getOrdering())}; CallInst *C = CallInst::Create(TsanAtomicStore[Idx], ArrayRef<Value*>(Args)); ReplaceInstWithInst(I, C); } else if (AtomicRMWInst *RMWI = dyn_cast<AtomicRMWInst>(I)) { Value *Addr = RMWI->getPointerOperand(); int Idx = getMemoryAccessFuncIndex(Addr); if (Idx < 0) return false; Function *F = TsanAtomicRMW[RMWI->getOperation()][Idx]; if (!F) return false; const size_t ByteSize = 1 << Idx; const size_t BitSize = ByteSize * 8; Type *Ty = Type::getIntNTy(IRB.getContext(), BitSize); Type *PtrTy = Ty->getPointerTo(); Value *Args[] = {IRB.CreatePointerCast(Addr, PtrTy), IRB.CreateIntCast(RMWI->getValOperand(), Ty, false), createOrdering(&IRB, RMWI->getOrdering())}; CallInst *C = CallInst::Create(F, ArrayRef<Value*>(Args)); ReplaceInstWithInst(I, C); } else if (AtomicCmpXchgInst *CASI = dyn_cast<AtomicCmpXchgInst>(I)) { Value *Addr = CASI->getPointerOperand(); int Idx = getMemoryAccessFuncIndex(Addr); if (Idx < 0) return false; const size_t ByteSize = 1 << Idx; const size_t BitSize = ByteSize * 8; Type *Ty = Type::getIntNTy(IRB.getContext(), BitSize); Type *PtrTy = Ty->getPointerTo(); Value *Args[] = {IRB.CreatePointerCast(Addr, PtrTy), IRB.CreateIntCast(CASI->getCompareOperand(), Ty, false), IRB.CreateIntCast(CASI->getNewValOperand(), Ty, false), createOrdering(&IRB, CASI->getSuccessOrdering()), createOrdering(&IRB, CASI->getFailureOrdering())}; CallInst *C = IRB.CreateCall(TsanAtomicCAS[Idx], Args); Value *Success = IRB.CreateICmpEQ(C, CASI->getCompareOperand()); Value *Res = IRB.CreateInsertValue(UndefValue::get(CASI->getType()), C, 0); Res = IRB.CreateInsertValue(Res, Success, 1); I->replaceAllUsesWith(Res); I->eraseFromParent(); } else if (FenceInst *FI = dyn_cast<FenceInst>(I)) { Value *Args[] = {createOrdering(&IRB, FI->getOrdering())}; Function *F = FI->getSynchScope() == SingleThread ? TsanAtomicSignalFence : TsanAtomicThreadFence; CallInst *C = CallInst::Create(F, ArrayRef<Value*>(Args)); ReplaceInstWithInst(I, C); } return true; } int ThreadSanitizer::getMemoryAccessFuncIndex(Value *Addr) { Type *OrigPtrTy = Addr->getType(); Type *OrigTy = cast<PointerType>(OrigPtrTy)->getElementType(); assert(OrigTy->isSized()); uint32_t TypeSize = DL->getTypeStoreSizeInBits(OrigTy); if (TypeSize != 8 && TypeSize != 16 && TypeSize != 32 && TypeSize != 64 && TypeSize != 128) { NumAccessesWithBadSize++; // Ignore all unusual sizes. return -1; } size_t Idx = countTrailingZeros(TypeSize / 8); assert(Idx < kNumberOfAccessSizes); return Idx; }