C++程序  |  720行  |  17.91 KB

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * drawElements Quality Program OpenGL ES 3.0 Module
 * -------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Copyright 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 *//*!
 * \file
 * \brief Pixel Buffer Object tests
 *//*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include "es3fPixelBufferObjectTests.hpp"

#include "tcuTexture.hpp"
#include "tcuTextureUtil.hpp"
#include "tcuImageCompare.hpp"
#include "tcuTestLog.hpp"
#include "tcuRenderTarget.hpp"

#include "gluTextureUtil.hpp"
#include "gluPixelTransfer.hpp"
#include "gluShaderProgram.hpp"

#include "deRandom.hpp"
#include "deString.h"

#include <string>
#include <sstream>

#include "glw.h"

using std::string;
using std::stringstream;

namespace deqp
{
namespace gles3
{
namespace Functional
{

namespace
{

class ReadPixelsTest : public TestCase
{
public:
	struct TestSpec
	{
		enum FramebufferType
		{
			FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_NATIVE = 0,
			FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_RENDERBUFFER
		};

		string			name;
		string			description;

		bool			useColorClear;
		bool			renderTriangles;

		FramebufferType	framebufferType;
		GLenum			renderbufferFormat;
	};

					ReadPixelsTest				(Context& context, const TestSpec& spec);
					~ReadPixelsTest				(void);

	void			init						(void);
	void			deinit						(void);

	IterateResult	iterate						(void);

private:
	void						renderTriangle	(const tcu::Vec3& a, const tcu::Vec3& b, const tcu::Vec3& c);
	void						clearColor		(float r, float g, float b, float a);

	de::Random					m_random;
	tcu::TestLog&				m_log;
	glu::ShaderProgram*			m_program;

	TestSpec::FramebufferType	m_framebuffeType;

	GLenum						m_renderbufferFormat;
	tcu::TextureChannelClass	m_texChannelClass;

	bool						m_useColorClears;
	bool						m_renderTriangles;

	GLfloat						m_colorScale;
};


ReadPixelsTest::ReadPixelsTest (Context& context, const TestSpec& spec)
	: TestCase				(context, spec.name.c_str(), spec.description.c_str())
	, m_random				(deStringHash(spec.name.c_str()))
	, m_log					(m_testCtx.getLog())
	, m_program				(NULL)
	, m_framebuffeType		(spec.framebufferType)
	, m_renderbufferFormat	(spec.renderbufferFormat)
	, m_texChannelClass		(tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_LAST)
	, m_useColorClears		(spec.useColorClear)
	, m_renderTriangles		(spec.renderTriangles)
	, m_colorScale			(1.0f)
{

	if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_NATIVE)
	{
		m_colorScale = 1.0f;
	}
	else if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_RENDERBUFFER)
	{
		m_texChannelClass = tcu::getTextureChannelClass(glu::mapGLInternalFormat(spec.renderbufferFormat).type);
		switch (m_texChannelClass)
		{
			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_UNSIGNED_FIXED_POINT:
				m_colorScale = 1.0f;
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_SIGNED_INTEGER:
				m_colorScale = 100.0f;
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_UNSIGNED_INTEGER:
				m_colorScale = 100.0f;
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_FLOATING_POINT:
				m_colorScale = 100.0f;
				break;

			default:
				DE_ASSERT(false);
		}
	}
	else
		DE_ASSERT(false);
}

ReadPixelsTest::~ReadPixelsTest (void)
{
}

void ReadPixelsTest::init (void)
{
	// Check extensions
	if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_RENDERBUFFER)
	{
		bool supported = false;

		if (m_renderbufferFormat == GL_RGBA16F
			|| m_renderbufferFormat == GL_RG16F)
		{
			std::istringstream extensions(std::string((const char*)glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS)));
			std::string extension;

			while (std::getline(extensions, extension, ' '))
			{
				if (extension=="GL_EXT_color_buffer_half_float")
				{
					supported = true;
					break;
				}
				if (extension=="GL_EXT_color_buffer_float")
				{
					supported = true;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		else if (m_renderbufferFormat == GL_RGBA32F
				|| m_renderbufferFormat == GL_RG32F
				|| m_renderbufferFormat == GL_R11F_G11F_B10F)
		{
			std::istringstream extensions(std::string((const char*)glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS)));
			std::string extension;

			while (std::getline(extensions, extension, ' '))
			{
				if (extension=="GL_EXT_color_buffer_float")
				{
					supported = true;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		else
			supported = true;

		if (!supported)
			throw tcu::NotSupportedError("Renderbuffer format not supported", "", __FILE__, __LINE__);
	}

	std::string outtype = "";

	if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_NATIVE)
		outtype = "vec4";
	else if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_RENDERBUFFER)
	{
		switch (m_texChannelClass)
		{
			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_UNSIGNED_FIXED_POINT:
				outtype = "vec4";
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_SIGNED_INTEGER:
				outtype = "ivec4";
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_UNSIGNED_INTEGER:
				outtype = "uvec4";
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_FLOATING_POINT:
				outtype = "vec4";
				break;

			default:
				DE_ASSERT(false);
		}
	}
	else
		DE_ASSERT(false);


	const char* vertexShaderSource =
	"#version 300 es\n"
	"in mediump vec3 a_position;\n"
	"in mediump vec4 a_color;\n"
	"uniform mediump float u_colorScale;\n"
	"out mediump vec4 v_color;\n"
	"void main(void)\n"
	"{\n"
	"\tgl_Position = vec4(a_position, 1.0);\n"
	"\tv_color = u_colorScale * a_color;\n"
	"}";

	stringstream fragmentShaderSource;

	fragmentShaderSource <<
	"#version 300 es\n"
	"in mediump vec4 v_color;\n";


	fragmentShaderSource << "layout (location = 0) out mediump " << outtype << " o_color;\n"
	"void main(void)\n"
	"{\n"
	"\to_color = " << outtype << "(v_color);\n"
	"}";

	m_program = new glu::ShaderProgram(m_context.getRenderContext(), glu::makeVtxFragSources(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource.str()));

	if (!m_program->isOk())
	{
		m_log << *m_program;
		TCU_FAIL("Failed to compile shader");
	}
}

void ReadPixelsTest::deinit (void)
{
	if (m_program)
		delete m_program;
	m_program = NULL;
}

void ReadPixelsTest::renderTriangle (const tcu::Vec3& a, const tcu::Vec3& b, const tcu::Vec3& c)
{
	float positions[3*3];

	positions[0] = a.x();
	positions[1] = a.y();
	positions[2] = a.z();

	positions[3] = b.x();
	positions[4] = b.y();
	positions[5] = b.z();

	positions[6] = c.x();
	positions[7] = c.y();
	positions[8] = c.z();

	float colors[] = {
		1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f
	};

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glUseProgram(m_program->getProgram()));

	GLuint coordLoc = (GLuint)-1;
	GLuint colorLoc = (GLuint)-1;
	GLuint colorScaleLoc = (GLuint)-1;

	colorScaleLoc = glGetUniformLocation(m_program->getProgram(), "u_colorScale");
	TCU_CHECK(colorScaleLoc != (GLuint)-1);

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glUniform1f(colorScaleLoc, m_colorScale));

	coordLoc = glGetAttribLocation(m_program->getProgram(), "a_position");
	TCU_CHECK(coordLoc != (GLuint)-1);

	colorLoc = glGetAttribLocation(m_program->getProgram(), "a_color");
	TCU_CHECK(colorLoc != (GLuint)-1);

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glEnableVertexAttribArray(colorLoc));
	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glEnableVertexAttribArray(coordLoc));

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glVertexAttribPointer(coordLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, positions));
	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glVertexAttribPointer(colorLoc, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, colors));

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3));

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glDisableVertexAttribArray(colorLoc));
	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glDisableVertexAttribArray(coordLoc));

}


void ReadPixelsTest::clearColor (float r, float g, float b, float a)
{
	if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_NATIVE)
	{
		GLU_CHECK_CALL(glClearColor(r, g, b, a));
		GLU_CHECK_CALL(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));
	}
	else if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_RENDERBUFFER)
	{
		switch (m_texChannelClass)
		{
			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_UNSIGNED_FIXED_POINT:
			{
				GLU_CHECK_CALL(glClearColor(r, g, b, a));
				GLU_CHECK_CALL(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));
				break;
			}

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_SIGNED_INTEGER:
			{
				GLint color[4] = { (GLint)r, (GLint)g, (GLint)b, (GLint)a };

				GLU_CHECK_CALL(glClearBufferiv(GL_COLOR, 0, color));
				break;
			}

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_UNSIGNED_INTEGER:
			{
				GLuint color[4] = { (GLuint)r, (GLuint)g, (GLuint)b, (GLuint)a };

				GLU_CHECK_CALL(glClearBufferuiv(GL_COLOR, 0, color));
				break;
			}

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_FLOATING_POINT:
			{
				GLfloat color[4] = { (GLfloat)r, (GLfloat)g, (GLfloat)b, (GLfloat)a };

				GLU_CHECK_CALL(glClearBufferfv(GL_COLOR, 0, color));
				break;
			}

			default:
				DE_ASSERT(false);
		}
	}
	else
		DE_ASSERT(false);

}

TestCase::IterateResult ReadPixelsTest::iterate(void)
{
	int width				= m_context.getRenderTarget().getWidth();
	int height				= m_context.getRenderTarget().getHeight();

	GLuint framebuffer	= 0;
	GLuint renderbuffer	= 0;

	switch (m_framebuffeType)
	{
		case TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_NATIVE:
			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, framebuffer));
			break;

		case TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_RENDERBUFFER:
		{
			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glGenFramebuffers(1, &framebuffer));
			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glGenRenderbuffers(1, &renderbuffer));

			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer));
			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_renderbufferFormat, width, height));

			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, framebuffer));
			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer));

			break;
		}

		default:
			DE_ASSERT(false);
	}

	clearColor(m_colorScale * 0.4f, m_colorScale * 1.0f, m_colorScale * 0.5f, m_colorScale * 1.0f);

	if (m_useColorClears)
	{
		const int maxClearCount	= 10;
		const int minClearCount	= 6;
		const int minClearSize	= 15;

		int clearCount = m_random.getInt(minClearCount, maxClearCount);

		for (int clearNdx = 0; clearNdx < clearCount; clearNdx++)
		{
			int clearX = m_random.getInt(0, width - minClearSize);
			int clearY = m_random.getInt(0, height - minClearSize);

			int clearWidth = m_random.getInt(minClearSize, width - clearX);
			int clearHeight = m_random.getInt(minClearSize, height - clearY);

			float clearRed		= m_colorScale * m_random.getFloat();
			float clearGreen	= m_colorScale * m_random.getFloat();
			float clearBlue		= m_colorScale * m_random.getFloat();
			float clearAlpha	= m_colorScale * (0.5f + 0.5f * m_random.getFloat());

			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST));
			GLU_CHECK_CALL(glScissor(clearX, clearY, clearWidth, clearHeight));

			clearColor(clearRed, clearGreen, clearBlue, clearAlpha);
		}

		GLU_CHECK_CALL(glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST));
	}

	if (m_renderTriangles)
	{
		const int minTriangleCount = 4;
		const int maxTriangleCount = 10;

		int triangleCount = m_random.getInt(minTriangleCount, maxTriangleCount);

		for (int triangleNdx = 0; triangleNdx < triangleCount; triangleNdx++)
		{
			float x1 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;
			float y1 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;
			float z1 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;

			float x2 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;
			float y2 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;
			float z2 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;

			float x3 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;
			float y3 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;
			float z3 = 2.0f * m_random.getFloat() - 1.0f;

			renderTriangle(tcu::Vec3(x1, y1, z1), tcu::Vec3(x2, y2, z2), tcu::Vec3(x3, y3, z3));
		}
	}

	tcu::TextureFormat	readFormat;
	GLenum				readPixelsFormat;
	GLenum				readPixelsType;
	bool				floatCompare;


	if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_NATIVE)
	{
		readFormat			= glu::mapGLTransferFormat(GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE);
		readPixelsFormat	= GL_RGBA;
		readPixelsType		= GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
		floatCompare		= false;
	}
	else if (m_framebuffeType == TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_RENDERBUFFER)
	{
		switch (m_texChannelClass)
		{
			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_UNSIGNED_FIXED_POINT:
				readFormat			= glu::mapGLTransferFormat(GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE);
				readPixelsFormat	= GL_RGBA;
				readPixelsType		= GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
				floatCompare		= true;
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_SIGNED_INTEGER:
				readFormat			= glu::mapGLTransferFormat(GL_RGBA_INTEGER, GL_INT);
				readPixelsFormat	= GL_RGBA_INTEGER;
				readPixelsType		= GL_INT;
				floatCompare		= false;
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_UNSIGNED_INTEGER:
				readFormat			= glu::mapGLTransferFormat(GL_RGBA_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_INT);
				readPixelsFormat	= GL_RGBA_INTEGER;
				readPixelsType		= GL_UNSIGNED_INT;
				floatCompare		= false;
				break;

			case tcu::TEXTURECHANNELCLASS_FLOATING_POINT:
				readFormat			= glu::mapGLTransferFormat(GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT);
				readPixelsFormat	= GL_RGBA;
				readPixelsType		= GL_FLOAT;
				floatCompare		= true;
				break;

			default:
				DE_ASSERT(false);
				// Silence warnings
				readFormat			= glu::mapGLTransferFormat(GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT);
				readPixelsFormat	= GL_RGBA;
				readPixelsType		= GL_FLOAT;
				floatCompare		= true;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		// Silence warnings
		readFormat			= glu::mapGLTransferFormat(GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT);
		readPixelsFormat	= GL_RGBA;
		readPixelsType		= GL_FLOAT;
		floatCompare		= true;
		DE_ASSERT(false);
	}

	tcu::Texture2D readRefrence(readFormat, width, height);
	readRefrence.allocLevel(0);

	GLuint pixelBuffer = (GLuint)-1;

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glGenBuffers(1, &pixelBuffer));
	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, pixelBuffer));
	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, readRefrence.getLevel(0).getDataSize(), NULL, GL_STREAM_READ));

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glReadPixels(0, 0, width, height, readPixelsFormat, readPixelsType, 0));

	const deUint8* bufferData = (const deUint8*)glMapBufferRange(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, 0, readRefrence.getLevel(0).getDataSize(), GL_MAP_READ_BIT);
	GLU_CHECK_MSG("glMapBufferRange() failed");

	tcu::ConstPixelBufferAccess readResult(readFormat, width, height, 1, bufferData);

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, 0));

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glReadPixels(0, 0, width, height, readPixelsFormat, readPixelsType, readRefrence.getLevel(0).getDataPtr()));

	if (framebuffer)
		GLU_CHECK_CALL(glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &framebuffer));

	if (renderbuffer)
		GLU_CHECK_CALL(glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &renderbuffer));


	bool isOk = false;

	if (floatCompare)
		isOk = tcu::floatThresholdCompare(m_log, "Result comparision", "Result of read pixels to memory compared with result of read pixels to buffer", readRefrence.getLevel(0), readResult, tcu::Vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), tcu::COMPARE_LOG_RESULT);
	else
		isOk = tcu::intThresholdCompare(m_log, "Result comparision", "Result of read pixels to memory compared with result of read pixels to buffer", readRefrence.getLevel(0), readResult, tcu::UVec4(0, 0, 0, 0), tcu::COMPARE_LOG_RESULT);

	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, pixelBuffer));
	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glUnmapBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER));
	GLU_CHECK_CALL(glDeleteBuffers(1, &pixelBuffer));

	if (isOk)
	{
		m_testCtx.setTestResult(QP_TEST_RESULT_PASS, "Pass");
		return STOP;
	}
	else
	{
		m_testCtx.setTestResult(QP_TEST_RESULT_FAIL, "Fail");
		return STOP;
	}
}

} // anonymous

PixelBufferObjectTests::PixelBufferObjectTests (Context& context)
	: TestCaseGroup (context, "pbo", "Pixel buffer objects tests")
{
}

PixelBufferObjectTests::~PixelBufferObjectTests (void)
{
}

void PixelBufferObjectTests::init (void)
{
	TestCaseGroup* nativeFramebufferGroup = new TestCaseGroup(m_context, "native", "Tests with reading from native framebuffer");

	ReadPixelsTest::TestSpec nativeFramebufferTests[] = {
		{
			"clears",
			"Simple read pixels test with color clears",
			true,
			false,
			ReadPixelsTest::TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_NATIVE,
			GL_NONE
		},
		{
			"triangles",
			"Simple read pixels test rendering triangles",
			false,
			true,
			ReadPixelsTest::TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_NATIVE,
			GL_NONE
		}
	};

	for (int testNdx = 0; testNdx < DE_LENGTH_OF_ARRAY(nativeFramebufferTests); testNdx++)
	{
		nativeFramebufferGroup->addChild(new ReadPixelsTest(m_context, nativeFramebufferTests[testNdx]));
	}

	addChild(nativeFramebufferGroup);

	TestCaseGroup* renderbufferGroup = new TestCaseGroup(m_context, "renderbuffer", "Tests with reading from renderbuffer");

	GLenum renderbufferFormats[] = {
		GL_RGBA8,
		GL_RGBA8I,
		GL_RGBA8UI,
		GL_RGBA16F,
		GL_RGBA16I,
		GL_RGBA16UI,
		GL_RGBA32F,
		GL_RGBA32I,
		GL_RGBA32UI,

		GL_SRGB8_ALPHA8,
		GL_RGB10_A2,
		GL_RGB10_A2UI,
		GL_RGBA4,
		GL_RGB5_A1,

		GL_RGB8,
		GL_RGB565,

		GL_R11F_G11F_B10F,

		GL_RG8,
		GL_RG8I,
		GL_RG8UI,
		GL_RG16F,
		GL_RG16I,
		GL_RG16UI,
		GL_RG32F,
		GL_RG32I,
		GL_RG32UI
	};

	const char* renderbufferFormatsStr[] = {
		"rgba8",
		"rgba8i",
		"rgba8ui",
		"rgba16f",
		"rgba16i",
		"rgba16ui",
		"rgba32f",
		"rgba32i",
		"rgba32ui",

		"srgb8_alpha8",
		"rgb10_a2",
		"rgb10_a2ui",
		"rgba4",
		"rgb5_a1",

		"rgb8",
		"rgb565",

		"r11f_g11f_b10f",

		"rg8",
		"rg8i",
		"rg8ui",
		"rg16f",
		"rg16i",
		"rg16ui",
		"rg32f",
		"rg32i",
		"rg32ui"
	};

	DE_STATIC_ASSERT(DE_LENGTH_OF_ARRAY(renderbufferFormatsStr) == DE_LENGTH_OF_ARRAY(renderbufferFormats));

	for (int formatNdx = 0; formatNdx < DE_LENGTH_OF_ARRAY(renderbufferFormats); formatNdx++)
	{
		for (int trianglesClears = 0; trianglesClears < 2; trianglesClears++)
		{
			ReadPixelsTest::TestSpec testSpec;

			testSpec.name					= string(renderbufferFormatsStr [formatNdx]) + "_" + (trianglesClears == 0 ? "triangles" : "clears"),
			testSpec.description			= testSpec.name;
			testSpec.useColorClear			= trianglesClears == 1,
			testSpec.renderTriangles		= trianglesClears == 0,
			testSpec.framebufferType		= ReadPixelsTest::TestSpec::FRAMEBUFFERTYPE_RENDERBUFFER,
			testSpec.renderbufferFormat		= renderbufferFormats[formatNdx];

			renderbufferGroup->addChild(new ReadPixelsTest(m_context, testSpec));
		}
	}

	addChild(renderbufferGroup);
}

} // Functional
} // gles3
} // deqp