page.title=Key Attestation
page.metaDescription=New support in Android N for verifying security properties of hardware-backed keys.
page.keywords="android N", "security", "TEE", "hardware-backed", "keystore", "certificate", "key attestation"
@jd:body
<div id="qv-wrapper">
<div id="qv">
<h2>In this document</h2>
<ol>
<li><a href="#verifying">Retrieving and Verifying a Hardware-backed Key Pair</a></li>
<li><a href="#certificate_schema">Certificate Extension Data Schema</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Key Attestation gives you more confidence that the keys you use in your app
are stored in a device's hardware-backed keystore. The following sections
describe how to verify the properties of hardware-backed keys and how to
interpret the schema of the attestation certificate's extension data.
</p>
<h2 id="verifying">
Retrieving and Verifying a Hardware-backed Key Pair
</h2>
<p>
During key attestation, you specify the alias of a key pair. The attestation
tool, in return, provides a certificate chain, which you can use to verify
the properties of that key pair.
</p>
<p>
The root certificate within this chain is signed using an attestation key,
which the device manufacturer injects into the device’s hardware-backed
keystore at the factory.
</p>
<p class="note">
<strong>Note:</strong> On devices that ship with Android N and Google Play
services, the root certificate is issued by Google. You should verify that
this root certificate appears within Google’s list of root certificates.
</p>
<p>
To implement key attestation, complete the following steps:
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Use a {@link java.security.KeyStore KeyStore} object's
{@link java.security.KeyStore#getCertificateChain getCertificateChain()}
method to get a reference to the chain of X.509 certificates associated with
the hardware-backed keystore.
</li>
<li>
<p>
Check each certificate’s validity using a
{@link java.security.cert.CRL CRL} object's
{@link java.security.cert.CRL#isRevoked isRevoked()} method.
</p>
<p class="caution">
<strong>Caution:</strong> Although you can complete this process within
your app directly, it’s safer to check the certificates’ revocation lists
on a separate server that you trust.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Create an <code>Attestation</code> object, passing in the first element of
the certificate chain as an argument:</p>
<pre>
// "certificates" contains the certificate chain associated with a specific key
// pair in the device's hardware-backed keystore.
X509Certificate attestationCert = (X509Certificate) certificates[0];
Attestation hardwareKeyAttestation = new Attestation(attestationCert);
</pre>
<p>
An attestation object extracts the extension data within this certificate
and stores this information in a more accessible format. For more details
about the schema of the extension data, see <a href=
"#certificate_schema">Certificate Extension Data Schema</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use the accessor methods within the <code>Attestation</code> class to
retrieve the extension data from the certificate. These methods use the
same names and structure hierarchy as in the certificate extension data
schema.
</p>
<p>
For example, to view the verified boot key for the device’s TEE, use the
following method sequence:
</p>
<pre>
// "hardwareKeyAttestation" contains the first element of the attestation
// certificate chain.
AuthorizationList teeAuthList = hardwareKeyAttestation.getTeeEnforced();
RootOfTrust teeRootOfTrust = teeAuthList.getRootOfTrust();
byte[] teeVerifiedBootKey = teeRootOfTrust.getVerifiedBootKey();
</pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Compare the extension data from the <code>Attestation</code> object with
the set of values that you expect the hardware-backed key to contain.
</p>
<p class="caution">
<strong>Caution:</strong> Although you can complete this process within
your app directly, it’s safer to check the certificate’s extension data
on a separate server that you trust.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="certificate_schema">
Certificate Extension Data Schema
</h2>
<p>
Key attestation verifies the extension data that appears in the first
certificate within the chain in a device’s hardware-backed keystore. The
certificate stores the information according to the following ASN.1 schema:
</p>
<pre class="no-pretty-print">
KeyDescription ::= SEQUENCE {
attestationVersion INTEGER,
attestationSecurityLevel SecurityLevel,
keymasterVersion INTEGER,
keymasterSecurityLevel SecurityLevel,
attestationChallenge OCTET_STRING,
<var>reserved OCTET_STRING</var>,
softwareEnforced AuthorizationList,
teeEnforced AuthorizationList,
}
SecurityLevel ::= ENUMERATED {
Software (0),
TrustedEnvironment (1),
}
AuthorizationList ::= SEQUENCE {
purpose [1] EXPLICIT SET OF INTEGER OPTIONAL,
algorithm [2] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
keySize [3] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
digest [5] EXPLICIT SET OF INTEGER OPTIONAL,
padding [6] EXPLICIT SET OF INTEGER OPTIONAL,
ecCurve [10] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
rsaPublicExponent [200] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
activeDateTime [400] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
originationExpireDateTime [401] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
usageExpireDateTime [402] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
noAuthRequired [503] EXPLICIT NULL OPTIONAL,
userAuthType [504] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
authTimeout [505] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
allowWhileOnBody [506] EXPLICIT NULL OPTIONAL,
allApplications [600] EXPLICIT NULL OPTIONAL,
applicationId [601] EXPLICIT OCTET_STRING OPTIONAL,
creationDateTime [701] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
origin [702] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
rollbackResistant [703] EXPLICIT NULL OPTIONAL,
rootOfTrust [704] EXPLICIT RootOfTrust OPTIONAL,
osVersion [705] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
osPatchLevel [706] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
attestationChallenge [708] EXPLICIT INTEGER OPTIONAL,
attestationApplicationId [709] EXPLICIT OCTET_STRING OPTIONAL,
}
RootOfTrust ::= SEQUENCE {
verifiedBootKey OCTET_STRING,
deviceLocked BOOLEAN,
verifiedBootState VerifiedBootState,
}
VerifiedBootState ::= ENUMERATED {
Verified (0),
SelfSigned (1),
Unverified (2),
Failed (3),
}
</pre>
<p>
The following list presents a description of each element within the schema:
</p>
<h3 id="certificate_schema_keydescription">
KeyDescription
</h3>
<p>
This sequence of values presents general information about the key pair being
verified through key attestation and provides easy access to additional
details.
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<code>attestationVersion</code>
</dt>
<dd>
The version of the key attestation feature. Should be set to 1.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>attestationSecurity</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The <a href="#certificate_schema_securitylevel">security
level</a> of the attestation.
</p>
<p class="note">
<strong>Note:</strong> Although it is possible to attest keys that are
stored in the Android system—that is, if the
<code>attestationSecurity</code> value is set to Software—you
cannot trust these attestations if the Android system becomes compromised.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>keymasterVersion</code>
</dt>
<dd>
The version of the Keymaster hardware abstraction layer (HAL). Use 0 to
represent version 0.2 or 0.3, 1 to represent version 1.0, and 2 to represent
version 2.0.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>keymasterSecurity</code>
</dt>
<dd>
The <a href="#certificate_schema_securitylevel">security
level</a> of the Keymaster implementation.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>attestationChallenge</code>
</dt>
<dd>
The challenge string associated with a key pair that is verified using key
attestation.
</dd>
<dt>
<code><var>reserved</var></code>
</dt>
<dd>
Only system apps use this value. In all other apps, this value is empty.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>softwareEnforced</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Optional. The Keymaster <a href=
"#certificate_schema_authorizationlist">authorization
list</a> that is enforced by the Android system, not by the device’s TEE.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>teeEnforced</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Optional. The Keymaster <a href=
"#certificate_schema_authorizationlist">authorization
list</a> that is enforced by the device’s TEE.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="certificate_schema_securitylevel">
SecurityLevel
</h3>
<p>
This data structure indicates the extent to which a software feature, such as
a key pair, is protected based on its location within the device.
</p>
<p>
Because the data structure is an enumeration, it takes on exactly one of the
following values:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
Software
</dt>
<dd>
The logic for creating and managing the feature is implemented in the
Android system. For the purposes of creating and storing key pairs, this
location is less secure than the TEE but is more secure than your app's
process space.
</dd>
<dt>
TrustedEnvironment
</dt>
<dd>
The logic for creating and managing the feature is implemented in secure
hardware, such as a TEE. For the purposes of creating and storing key pairs,
this location is more secure because secure hardware is highly resistant to
remote compromise.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="certificate_schema_authorizationlist">
AuthorizationList
</h3>
<p>
This data structure contains the key pair’s properties themselves, as defined
in the Keymaster hardware abstraction layer (HAL). You compare these values
to the device’s current state or to a set of expected values to verify that a
key pair is still valid for use in your app.
</p>
<p>
Each field name corresponds to a similarly-named Keymaster tag. For example,
the <code>keySize</code> field in an authorization list corresponds to the
<code>KM_TAG_KEY_SIZE</code> Keymaster tag.
</p>
<p>
Each field in the following list is optional:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<code>purpose</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_purpose">
KM_TAG_PURPOSE</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value of 1.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>algorithm</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_algorithm">
KM_TAG_ALGORITHM</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value of
2.
</p>
<p>
When an <code>AuthorizationList</code> object is associated with key
attestation, this value is always <code>KM_ALGORITHM_RSA</code> or
<code>KM_ALGORITHM_EC</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>keySize</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_key_size">
KM_TAG_KEY_SIZE</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value of 3.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>digest</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_digest">
KM_TAG_DIGEST</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value of 5.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>padding</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_padding">
KM_TAG_PADDING</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value of 6.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>ecCurve</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code>KM_TAG_EC_CURVE</code> Keymaster tag, which uses
a tag ID value of 10.
</p>
<p>
The set of parameters used to generate an elliptic curve (EC) key pair,
which uses ECDSA for signing and verification, within the Android system
keystore.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>rsaPublicExponent</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_rsa_public_exponent">
KM_TAG_RSA_PUBLIC_EXPONENT</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID
value of 200.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>activeDateTime</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_active_datetime">
KM_TAG_ACTIVE_DATETIME</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value
of 400.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>originationExpireDateTime</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_origination_expire_datetime">
KM_TAG_ORIGINATION_EXPIRE_DATETIME</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a
tag ID value of 401.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>usageExpireDateTime</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_usage_expire_datetime">
KM_TAG_USAGE_EXPIRE_DATETIME</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID
value of 402.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>noAuthRequired</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_no_auth_required">
KM_TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID
value of 503.
</p>
<p>
When an <code>AuthorizationList</code> object is associated with key
attestation, this value is always true.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>userAuthType</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_user_auth_type">
KM_TAG_USER_AUTH_TYPE</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value
of 504.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>authTimeout</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_auth_timeout">
KM_TAG_AUTH_TIMEOUT</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value of
505.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>allowWhileOnBody</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code>KM_TAG_ALLOW_WHILE_ON_BODY</code> Keymaster tag,
which uses a tag ID value of 506.
</p>
<p>
Allows the key to be used after its authentication timeout period if the
user is still wearing the device on their body. Note that a secure
on-body sensor determines whether the device is being worn on the user’s
body.
</p>
<p>
When an <code>AuthorizationList</code> object is associated with key
attestation, this value is always true.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>allApplications</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code>KM_TAG_ALL_APPLICATIONS</code> Keymaster tag,
which uses a tag ID value of 600.
</p>
<p>
Indicates whether all apps on a device can access the key pair.
</p>
<p>
When an <code>AuthorizationList</code> object is associated with key
attestation, this value is always true.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>applicationId</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_application_id">
KM_TAG_APPLICATION_ID</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value
of 601.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>creationDateTime</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_creation_datetime">
KM_TAG_CREATION_DATETIME</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID
value of 701.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>origin</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_origin">
KM_TAG_ORIGIN</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value of 702.
</p>
<p>
When an <code>AuthorizationList</code> object is associated with key
attestation, this value is usually set to
<code>KM_ORIGIN_GENERATED</code>. If the attestation uses Keymaster
version 0.2 or 0.3, however, the origin may be set to
<code>KM_ORIGIN_UNKNOWN</code> instead.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>rollbackResistant</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_rollback_resistant">
KM_TAG_ROLLBACK_RESISTANT</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID
value of 703.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>rootOfTrust</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code><a href=
"https://source.android.com/security/keystore/implementer-ref.html#km_tag_root_of_trust">
KM_TAG_ROOT_OF_TRUST</a></code> Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value
of 704.
</p>
<p>
For more details, see the section describing the <code><a href=
"#certificate_schema_rootoftrust">RootOfTrust</a></code>
data structure.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>osVersion</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code>KM_TAG_OS_VERSION</code> Keymaster tag, which
uses a tag ID value of 705.
</p>
<p>
The version of the Android operating system associated with the
Keymaster, specified as a six-digit integer. For example, version 6.0.1
is represented as 060001.
</p>
<p>
Only Keymaster version 1.0 or higher includes this value in the
authorization list.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>osPatchLevel</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code>KM_TAG_PATCHLEVEL</code> Keymaster tag, which
uses a tag ID value of 706.
</p>
<p>
The month and year associated with the security patch that is being used
within the Keymaster, specified as a six-digit integer. For example, the
June 2016 patch is represented as 201606.
</p>
<p>
Only Keymaster version 1.0 or higher includes this value in the
authorization list.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>attestationChallenge</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code>KM_TAG_ATTESTATION_CHALLENGE</code> Keymaster
tag, which uses a tag ID value of 708.
</p>
<p>
The challenge string associated with the key pair that is defined in the
Keymaster.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>attestationApplicationId</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Corresponds to the <code>KM_TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID</code>
Keymaster tag, which uses a tag ID value of 709.
</p>
<p>
The unique ID of the attestation certificate that signed the key pair
that is in the Keymaster.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="certificate_schema_rootoftrust">
RootOfTrust
</h3>
<p>
This collection of values defines key information about the device’s status.
</p>
<p>
Each field in the following list is required:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<code>verifiedBootKey</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
A secure hash of the key that verifies the system image. It is recommended
that you use the SHA-256 algorithm for this hash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code>deviceLocked</code>
</dt>
<dd>
True if the device’s bootloader is locked, which enables Verified Boot
checking and prevents an unsigned device image from being flashed onto the
device. For more information about this feature, see the <a class=
"external-link" href=
"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/verified-boot.html">Verifying
Boot</a> documentation.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>verifiedBootState</code>
</dt>
<dd>
The <a href="#certificate_schema_verifiedbootstate">boot
state</a> of the device, according to the Verified Boot feature.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>osVersion</code>
</dt>
<dd>
The current version of the Android operating system on the device,
specified as a six-digit integer. For example, version 6.0.1 is represented
as 060001.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>patchMonthYear</code>
</dt>
<dd>
The month and year associated with the security patch that is currently
installed on the device, specified as a six-digit integer. For example, the
June 2016 patch is represented as 201606.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="certificate_schema_verifiedbootstate">
VerifiedBootState
</h3>
<p>
This data structure provides the device’s current boot state, which
represents the level of protection provided to the user and to apps after the
device finishes booting. For more information about this feature, see the
<a class="external-link" href=
"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/verified-boot.html#boot_state">
Boot State</a> section within the Verifying Boot documentation.
</p>
<p>
This data structure is an enumeration, so it takes on exactly one of the
following values:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
Verified
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Indicates a full chain of trust, which includes the bootloader, the boot
partition, and all verified partitions.
</p>
<p>
When the device is in this boot state, the <code>verifiedBootKey</code> is
the hash of the device-embedded certificate, which the device manufacturer
adds to the device's ROM at the factory.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
SelfSigned
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Indicates that the device-embedded certificate has verified the device’s
boot partition and that the signature is valid.
</p>
<p>
When the device is in this boot state, the <code>verifiedBootKey</code> is
the hash of a user-installed certificate, which signs a boot partition
that the user adds to the device in place of the original,
manufacturer-provided boot partition.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
Unverified
</dt>
<dd>
Indicates that the user can modify the device freely. Therefore, the user is
responsible for verifying the device’s integrity.
</dd>
<dt>
Failed
</dt>
<dd>
Indicates that the device has failed verification. The attestation
certificate should never use this value for <code>VerifiedBootState</code>.
</dd>
</dl>