#8.2 Parsing HTML documents Table of contents 8.2.5 Tree construction
WHATWG
HTML 5
Draft Recommendation — 7 February 2009
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8.2.4 Tokenization
Implementations must act as if they used the following state machine to
tokenise HTML. The state machine must start in the data state. Most
states consume a single character, which may have various side-effects,
and either switches the state machine to a new state to reconsume the
same character, or switches it to a new state (to consume the next
character), or repeats the same state (to consume the next character).
Some states have more complicated behavior and can consume several
characters before switching to another state.
The exact behavior of certain states depends on a content model flag
that is set after certain tokens are emitted. The flag has several
states: PCDATA, RCDATA, CDATA, and PLAINTEXT. Initially it must be in
the PCDATA state. In the RCDATA and CDATA states, a further escape flag
is used to control the behavior of the tokeniser. It is either true or
false, and initially must be set to the false state. The insertion mode
and the stack of open elements also affects tokenization.
The output of the tokenization step is a series of zero or more of the
following tokens: DOCTYPE, start tag, end tag, comment, character,
end-of-file. DOCTYPE tokens have a name, a public identifier, a system
identifier, and a force-quirks flag. When a DOCTYPE token is created,
its name, public identifier, and system identifier must be marked as
missing (which is a distinct state from the empty string), and the
force-quirks flag must be set to off (its other state is on). Start and
end tag tokens have a tag name, a self-closing flag, and a list of
attributes, each of which has a name and a value. When a start or end
tag token is created, its self-closing flag must be unset (its other
state is that it be set), and its attributes list must be empty.
Comment and character tokens have data.
When a token is emitted, it must immediately be handled by the tree
construction stage. The tree construction stage can affect the state of
the content model flag, and can insert additional characters into the
stream. (For example, the script element can result in scripts
executing and using the dynamic markup insertion APIs to insert
characters into the stream being tokenised.)
When a start tag token is emitted with its self-closing flag set, if
the flag is not acknowledged when it is processed by the tree
construction stage, that is a parse error.
When an end tag token is emitted, the content model flag must be
switched to the PCDATA state.
When an end tag token is emitted with attributes, that is a parse
error.
When an end tag token is emitted with its self-closing flag set, that
is a parse error.
Before each step of the tokeniser, the user agent must first check the
parser pause flag. If it is true, then the tokeniser must abort the
processing of any nested invocations of the tokeniser, yielding control
back to the caller. If it is false, then the user agent may then check
to see if either one of the scripts in the list of scripts that will
execute as soon as possible or the first script in the list of scripts
that will execute asynchronously, has completed loading. If one has,
then it must be executed and removed from its list.
The tokeniser state machine consists of the states defined in the
following subsections.
8.2.4.1 Data state
Consume the next input character:
U+0026 AMPERSAND (&)
When the content model flag is set to one of the PCDATA or
RCDATA states and the escape flag is false: switch to the
character reference data state.
Otherwise: treat it as per the "anything else" entry below.
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-)
If the content model flag is set to either the RCDATA state or
the CDATA state, and the escape flag is false, and there are at
least three characters before this one in the input stream, and
the last four characters in the input stream, including this
one, are U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN, U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK, U+002D
HYPHEN-MINUS, and U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS ("<!--"), then set the
escape flag to true.
In any case, emit the input character as a character token. Stay
in the data state.
U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN (<)
When the content model flag is set to the PCDATA state: switch
to the tag open state.
When the content model flag is set to either the RCDATA state or
the CDATA state, and the escape flag is false: switch to the tag
open state.
Otherwise: treat it as per the "anything else" entry below.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
If the content model flag is set to either the RCDATA state or
the CDATA state, and the escape flag is true, and the last three
characters in the input stream including this one are U+002D
HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN
("-->"), set the escape flag to false.
In any case, emit the input character as a character token. Stay
in the data state.
EOF
Emit an end-of-file token.
Anything else
Emit the input character as a character token. Stay in the data
state.
8.2.4.2 Character reference data state
(This cannot happen if the content model flag is set to the CDATA
state.)
Attempt to consume a character reference, with no additional allowed
character.
If nothing is returned, emit a U+0026 AMPERSAND character token.
Otherwise, emit the character token that was returned.
Finally, switch to the data state.
8.2.4.3 Tag open state
The behavior of this state depends on the content model flag.
If the content model flag is set to the RCDATA or CDATA states
Consume the next input character. If it is a U+002F SOLIDUS (/)
character, switch to the close tag open state. Otherwise, emit a
U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character token and reconsume the current
input character in the data state.
If the content model flag is set to the PCDATA state
Consume the next input character:
U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK (!)
Switch to the markup declaration open state.
U+002F SOLIDUS (/)
Switch to the close tag open state.
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A through to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL
LETTER Z
Create a new start tag token, set its tag name to the
lowercase version of the input character (add 0x0020 to
the character's code point), then switch to the tag name
state. (Don't emit the token yet; further details will be
filled in before it is emitted.)
U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A through to U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
Create a new start tag token, set its tag name to the
input character, then switch to the tag name state. (Don't
emit the token yet; further details will be filled in
before it is emitted.)
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Emit a U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character token
and a U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character token. Switch to
the data state.
U+003F QUESTION MARK (?)
Parse error. Switch to the bogus comment state.
Anything else
Parse error. Emit a U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character token
and reconsume the current input character in the data
state.
8.2.4.4 Close tag open state
If the content model flag is set to the RCDATA or CDATA states but no
start tag token has ever been emitted by this instance of the tokeniser
(fragment case), or, if the content model flag is set to the RCDATA or
CDATA states and the next few characters do not match the tag name of
the last start tag token emitted (compared in an ASCII case-insensitive
manner), or if they do but they are not immediately followed by one of
the following characters:
* U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
* U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
* U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
* U+0020 SPACE
* U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
* U+002F SOLIDUS (/)
* EOF
...then emit a U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character token, a U+002F SOLIDUS
character token, and switch to the data state to process the next input
character.
Otherwise, if the content model flag is set to the PCDATA state, or if
the next few characters do match that tag name, consume the next input
character:
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A through to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z
Create a new end tag token, set its tag name to the lowercase
version of the input character (add 0x0020 to the character's
code point), then switch to the tag name state. (Don't emit the
token yet; further details will be filled in before it is
emitted.)
U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A through to U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
Create a new end tag token, set its tag name to the input
character, then switch to the tag name state. (Don't emit the
token yet; further details will be filled in before it is
emitted.)
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Emit a U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character token and a
U+002F SOLIDUS character token. Reconsume the EOF character in
the data state.
Anything else
Parse error. Switch to the bogus comment state.
8.2.4.5 Tag name state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Switch to the before attribute name state.
U+002F SOLIDUS (/)
Switch to the self-closing start tag state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current tag token. Switch to the data state.
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A through to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z
Append the lowercase version of the current input character (add
0x0020 to the character's code point) to the current tag token's
tag name. Stay in the tag name state.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the EOF
character in the data state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current tag token's
tag name. Stay in the tag name state.
8.2.4.6 Before attribute name state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the before attribute name state.
U+002F SOLIDUS (/)
Switch to the self-closing start tag state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current tag token. Switch to the data state.
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A through to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z
Start a new attribute in the current tag token. Set that
attribute's name to the lowercase version of the current input
character (add 0x0020 to the character's code point), and its
value to the empty string. Switch to the attribute name state.
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
U+003D EQUALS SIGN (=)
Parse error. Treat it as per the "anything else" entry below.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the EOF
character in the data state.
Anything else
Start a new attribute in the current tag token. Set that
attribute's name to the current input character, and its value
to the empty string. Switch to the attribute name state.
8.2.4.7 Attribute name state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Switch to the after attribute name state.
U+002F SOLIDUS (/)
Switch to the self-closing start tag state.
U+003D EQUALS SIGN (=)
Switch to the before attribute value state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current tag token. Switch to the data state.
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A through to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z
Append the lowercase version of the current input character (add
0x0020 to the character's code point) to the current attribute's
name. Stay in the attribute name state.
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Parse error. Treat it as per the "anything else" entry below.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the EOF
character in the data state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current attribute's
name. Stay in the attribute name state.
When the user agent leaves the attribute name state (and before
emitting the tag token, if appropriate), the complete attribute's name
must be compared to the other attributes on the same token; if there is
already an attribute on the token with the exact same name, then this
is a parse error and the new attribute must be dropped, along with the
value that gets associated with it (if any).
8.2.4.8 After attribute name state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the after attribute name state.
U+002F SOLIDUS (/)
Switch to the self-closing start tag state.
U+003D EQUALS SIGN (=)
Switch to the before attribute value state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current tag token. Switch to the data state.
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A through to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z
Start a new attribute in the current tag token. Set that
attribute's name to the lowercase version of the current input
character (add 0x0020 to the character's code point), and its
value to the empty string. Switch to the attribute name state.
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Parse error. Treat it as per the "anything else" entry below.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the EOF
character in the data state.
Anything else
Start a new attribute in the current tag token. Set that
attribute's name to the current input character, and its value
to the empty string. Switch to the attribute name state.
8.2.4.9 Before attribute value state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the before attribute value state.
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
Switch to the attribute value (double-quoted) state.
U+0026 AMPERSAND (&)
Switch to the attribute value (unquoted) state and reconsume
this input character.
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Switch to the attribute value (single-quoted) state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Switch to the data
state.
U+003D EQUALS SIGN (=)
Parse error. Treat it as per the "anything else" entry below.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the character
in the data state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current attribute's
value. Switch to the attribute value (unquoted) state.
8.2.4.10 Attribute value (double-quoted) state
Consume the next input character:
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
Switch to the after attribute value (quoted) state.
U+0026 AMPERSAND (&)
Switch to the character reference in attribute value state, with
the additional allowed character being U+0022 QUOTATION MARK
(").
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the character
in the data state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current attribute's
value. Stay in the attribute value (double-quoted) state.
8.2.4.11 Attribute value (single-quoted) state
Consume the next input character:
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Switch to the after attribute value (quoted) state.
U+0026 AMPERSAND (&)
Switch to the character reference in attribute value state, with
the additional allowed character being U+0027 APOSTROPHE (').
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the character
in the data state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current attribute's
value. Stay in the attribute value (single-quoted) state.
8.2.4.12 Attribute value (unquoted) state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Switch to the before attribute name state.
U+0026 AMPERSAND (&)
Switch to the character reference in attribute value state, with
no additional allowed character.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current tag token. Switch to the data state.
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
U+003D EQUALS SIGN (=)
Parse error. Treat it as per the "anything else" entry below.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the character
in the data state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current attribute's
value. Stay in the attribute value (unquoted) state.
8.2.4.13 Character reference in attribute value state
Attempt to consume a character reference.
If nothing is returned, append a U+0026 AMPERSAND character to the
current attribute's value.
Otherwise, append the returned character token to the current
attribute's value.
Finally, switch back to the attribute value state that you were in when
were switched into this state.
8.2.4.14 After attribute value (quoted) state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Switch to the before attribute name state.
U+002F SOLIDUS (/)
Switch to the self-closing start tag state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current tag token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the EOF
character in the data state.
Anything else
Parse error. Reconsume the character in the before attribute
name state.
8.2.4.15 Self-closing start tag state
Consume the next input character:
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Set the self-closing flag of the current tag token. Emit the
current tag token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the current tag token. Reconsume the EOF
character in the data state.
Anything else
Parse error. Reconsume the character in the before attribute
name state.
8.2.4.16 Bogus comment state
(This can only happen if the content model flag is set to the PCDATA
state.)
Consume every character up to and including the first U+003E
GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>) or the end of the file (EOF), whichever
comes first. Emit a comment token whose data is the concatenation of
all the characters starting from and including the character that
caused the state machine to switch into the bogus comment state, up to
and including the character immediately before the last consumed
character (i.e. up to the character just before the U+003E or EOF
character). (If the comment was started by the end of the file (EOF),
the token is empty.)
Switch to the data state.
If the end of the file was reached, reconsume the EOF character.
8.2.4.17 Markup declaration open state
(This can only happen if the content model flag is set to the PCDATA
state.)
If the next two characters are both U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-) characters,
consume those two characters, create a comment token whose data is the
empty string, and switch to the comment start state.
Otherwise, if the next seven characters are an ASCII case-insensitive
match for the word "DOCTYPE", then consume those characters and switch
to the DOCTYPE state.
Otherwise, if the insertion mode is "in foreign content" and the
current node is not an element in the HTML namespace and the next seven
characters are an ASCII case-sensitive match for the string "[CDATA["
(the five uppercase letters "CDATA" with a U+005B LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
character before and after), then consume those characters and switch
to the CDATA section state (which is unrelated to the content model
flag's CDATA state).
Otherwise, this is a parse error. Switch to the bogus comment state.
The next character that is consumed, if any, is the first character
that will be in the comment.
8.2.4.18 Comment start state
Consume the next input character:
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-)
Switch to the comment start dash state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Emit the comment token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the comment token. Reconsume the EOF character
in the data state.
Anything else
Append the input character to the comment token's data. Switch
to the comment state.
8.2.4.19 Comment start dash state
Consume the next input character:
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-)
Switch to the comment end state
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Emit the comment token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the comment token. Reconsume the EOF character
in the data state.
Anything else
Append a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-) character and the input
character to the comment token's data. Switch to the comment
state.
8.2.4.20 Comment state
Consume the next input character:
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-)
Switch to the comment end dash state
EOF
Parse error. Emit the comment token. Reconsume the EOF character
in the data state.
Anything else
Append the input character to the comment token's data. Stay in
the comment state.
8.2.4.21 Comment end dash state
Consume the next input character:
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-)
Switch to the comment end state
EOF
Parse error. Emit the comment token. Reconsume the EOF character
in the data state.
Anything else
Append a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-) character and the input
character to the comment token's data. Switch to the comment
state.
8.2.4.22 Comment end state
Consume the next input character:
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the comment token. Switch to the data state.
U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-)
Parse error. Append a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-) character to the
comment token's data. Stay in the comment end state.
EOF
Parse error. Emit the comment token. Reconsume the EOF character
in the data state.
Anything else
Parse error. Append two U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-) characters and
the input character to the comment token's data. Switch to the
comment state.
8.2.4.23 DOCTYPE state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Switch to the before DOCTYPE name state.
Anything else
Parse error. Reconsume the current character in the before
DOCTYPE name state.
8.2.4.24 Before DOCTYPE name state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the before DOCTYPE name state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Create a new DOCTYPE token. Set its force-quirks
flag to on. Emit the token. Switch to the data state.
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A through to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z
Create a new DOCTYPE token. Set the token's name to the
lowercase version of the input character (add 0x0020 to the
character's code point). Switch to the DOCTYPE name state.
EOF
Parse error. Create a new DOCTYPE token. Set its force-quirks
flag to on. Emit the token. Reconsume the EOF character in the
data state.
Anything else
Create a new DOCTYPE token. Set the token's name to the current
input character. Switch to the DOCTYPE name state.
8.2.4.25 DOCTYPE name state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Switch to the after DOCTYPE name state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A through to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z
Append the lowercase version of the input character (add 0x0020
to the character's code point) to the current DOCTYPE token's
name. Stay in the DOCTYPE name state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current DOCTYPE
token's name. Stay in the DOCTYPE name state.
8.2.4.26 After DOCTYPE name state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the after DOCTYPE name state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
If the six characters starting from the current input character
are an ASCII case-insensitive match for the word "PUBLIC", then
consume those characters and switch to the before DOCTYPE public
identifier state.
Otherwise, if the six characters starting from the current input
character are an ASCII case-insensitive match for the word
"SYSTEM", then consume those characters and switch to the before
DOCTYPE system identifier state.
Otherwise, this is the parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's
force-quirks flag to on. Switch to the bogus DOCTYPE state.
8.2.4.27 Before DOCTYPE public identifier state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the before DOCTYPE public identifier state.
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
Set the DOCTYPE token's public identifier to the empty string
(not missing), then switch to the DOCTYPE public identifier
(double-quoted) state.
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Set the DOCTYPE token's public identifier to the empty string
(not missing), then switch to the DOCTYPE public identifier
(single-quoted) state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Switch to the bogus DOCTYPE state.
8.2.4.28 DOCTYPE public identifier (double-quoted) state
Consume the next input character:
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
Switch to the after DOCTYPE public identifier state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current DOCTYPE
token's public identifier. Stay in the DOCTYPE public identifier
(double-quoted) state.
8.2.4.29 DOCTYPE public identifier (single-quoted) state
Consume the next input character:
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Switch to the after DOCTYPE public identifier state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current DOCTYPE
token's public identifier. Stay in the DOCTYPE public identifier
(single-quoted) state.
8.2.4.30 After DOCTYPE public identifier state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the after DOCTYPE public identifier state.
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
Set the DOCTYPE token's system identifier to the empty string
(not missing), then switch to the DOCTYPE system identifier
(double-quoted) state.
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Set the DOCTYPE token's system identifier to the empty string
(not missing), then switch to the DOCTYPE system identifier
(single-quoted) state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Switch to the bogus DOCTYPE state.
8.2.4.31 Before DOCTYPE system identifier state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the before DOCTYPE system identifier state.
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
Set the DOCTYPE token's system identifier to the empty string
(not missing), then switch to the DOCTYPE system identifier
(double-quoted) state.
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Set the DOCTYPE token's system identifier to the empty string
(not missing), then switch to the DOCTYPE system identifier
(single-quoted) state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Switch to the bogus DOCTYPE state.
8.2.4.32 DOCTYPE system identifier (double-quoted) state
Consume the next input character:
U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
Switch to the after DOCTYPE system identifier state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current DOCTYPE
token's system identifier. Stay in the DOCTYPE system identifier
(double-quoted) state.
8.2.4.33 DOCTYPE system identifier (single-quoted) state
Consume the next input character:
U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
Switch to the after DOCTYPE system identifier state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Append the current input character to the current DOCTYPE
token's system identifier. Stay in the DOCTYPE system identifier
(single-quoted) state.
8.2.4.34 After DOCTYPE system identifier state
Consume the next input character:
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
Stay in the after DOCTYPE system identifier state.
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the current DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Parse error. Set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.
Emit that DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Parse error. Switch to the bogus DOCTYPE state. (This does not
set the DOCTYPE token's force-quirks flag to on.)
8.2.4.35 Bogus DOCTYPE state
Consume the next input character:
U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (>)
Emit the DOCTYPE token. Switch to the data state.
EOF
Emit the DOCTYPE token. Reconsume the EOF character in the data
state.
Anything else
Stay in the bogus DOCTYPE state.
8.2.4.36 CDATA section state
(This can only happen if the content model flag is set to the PCDATA
state, and is unrelated to the content model flag's CDATA state.)
Consume every character up to the next occurrence of the three
character sequence U+005D RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET U+005D RIGHT SQUARE
BRACKET U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN (]]>), or the end of the file (EOF),
whichever comes first. Emit a series of character tokens consisting of
all the characters consumed except the matching three character
sequence at the end (if one was found before the end of the file).
Switch to the data state.
If the end of the file was reached, reconsume the EOF character.
8.2.4.37 Tokenizing character references
This section defines how to consume a character reference. This
definition is used when parsing character references in text and in
attributes.
The behavior depends on the identity of the next character (the one
immediately after the U+0026 AMPERSAND character):
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+0020 SPACE
U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN
U+0026 AMPERSAND
EOF
The additional allowed character, if there is one
Not a character reference. No characters are consumed, and
nothing is returned. (This is not an error, either.)
U+0023 NUMBER SIGN (#)
Consume the U+0023 NUMBER SIGN.
The behavior further depends on the character after the U+0023
NUMBER SIGN:
U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X
U+0058 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X
Consume the X.
Follow the steps below, but using the range of characters
U+0030 DIGIT ZERO through to U+0039 DIGIT NINE, U+0061
LATIN SMALL LETTER A through to U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER
F, and U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A, through to U+0046
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F (in other words, 0-9, A-F, a-f).
When it comes to interpreting the number, interpret it as
a hexadecimal number.
Anything else
Follow the steps below, but using the range of characters
U+0030 DIGIT ZERO through to U+0039 DIGIT NINE (i.e. just
0-9).
When it comes to interpreting the number, interpret it as
a decimal number.
Consume as many characters as match the range of characters
given above.
If no characters match the range, then don't consume any
characters (and unconsume the U+0023 NUMBER SIGN character and,
if appropriate, the X character). This is a parse error; nothing
is returned.
Otherwise, if the next character is a U+003B SEMICOLON, consume
that too. If it isn't, there is a parse error.
If one or more characters match the range, then take them all
and interpret the string of characters as a number (either
hexadecimal or decimal as appropriate).
If that number is one of the numbers in the first column of the
following table, then this is a parse error. Find the row with
that number in the first column, and return a character token
for the Unicode character given in the second column of that
row.
Number Unicode character
0x0D U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
0x80 U+20AC EURO SIGN ('€')
0x81 U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
0x82 U+201A SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK ('‚')
0x83 U+0192 LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK ('ƒ')
0x84 U+201E DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK ('„')
0x85 U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS ('…')
0x86 U+2020 DAGGER ('†')
0x87 U+2021 DOUBLE DAGGER ('‡')
0x88 U+02C6 MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT ('ˆ')
0x89 U+2030 PER MILLE SIGN ('‰')
0x8A U+0160 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON ('Š')
0x8B U+2039 SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK ('‹')
0x8C U+0152 LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE ('Œ')
0x8D U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
0x8E U+017D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON ('Ž')
0x8F U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
0x90 U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
0x91 U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK ('‘')
0x92 U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK ('’')
0x93 U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK ('“')
0x94 U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK ('”')
0x95 U+2022 BULLET ('•')
0x96 U+2013 EN DASH ('–')
0x97 U+2014 EM DASH ('—')
0x98 U+02DC SMALL TILDE ('˜')
0x99 U+2122 TRADE MARK SIGN ('™')
0x9A U+0161 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON ('š')
0x9B U+203A SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK ('›')
0x9C U+0153 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE ('œ')
0x9D U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
0x9E U+017E LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON ('ž')
0x9F U+0178 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS ('Ÿ')
Otherwise, if the number is in the range 0x0000 to 0x0008,
0x000E to 0x001F, 0x007F to 0x009F, 0xD800 to 0xDFFF, 0xFDD0 to
0xFDEF, or is one of 0x000B, 0xFFFE, 0xFFFF, 0x1FFFE, 0x1FFFF,
0x2FFFE, 0x2FFFF, 0x3FFFE, 0x3FFFF, 0x4FFFE, 0x4FFFF, 0x5FFFE,
0x5FFFF, 0x6FFFE, 0x6FFFF, 0x7FFFE, 0x7FFFF, 0x8FFFE, 0x8FFFF,
0x9FFFE, 0x9FFFF, 0xAFFFE, 0xAFFFF, 0xBFFFE, 0xBFFFF, 0xCFFFE,
0xCFFFF, 0xDFFFE, 0xDFFFF, 0xEFFFE, 0xEFFFF, 0xFFFFE, 0xFFFFF,
0x10FFFE, or 0x10FFFF, or is higher than 0x10FFFF, then this is
a parse error; return a character token for the U+FFFD
REPLACEMENT CHARACTER character instead.
Otherwise, return a character token for the Unicode character
whose code point is that number.
Anything else
Consume the maximum number of characters possible, with the
consumed characters matching one of the identifiers in the first
column of the named character references table (in a
case-sensitive manner).
If no match can be made, then this is a parse error. No
characters are consumed, and nothing is returned.
If the last character matched is not a U+003B SEMICOLON (;),
there is a parse error.
If the character reference is being consumed as part of an
attribute, and the last character matched is not a U+003B
SEMICOLON (;), and the next character is in the range U+0030
DIGIT ZERO to U+0039 DIGIT NINE, U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A
to U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z, or U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A
to U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z, then, for historical reasons,
all the characters that were matched after the U+0026 AMPERSAND
(&) must be unconsumed, and nothing is returned.
Otherwise, return a character token for the character
corresponding to the character reference name (as given by the
second column of the named character references table).
If the markup contains I'm ¬it; I tell you, the character
reference is parsed as "not", as in, I'm ¬it; I tell you. But if
the markup was I'm ∉ I tell you, the character reference
would be parsed as "notin;", resulting in I'm ∉ I tell you.