Android Init Language
---------------------

The Android Init Language consists of five broad classes of statements,
which are Actions, Commands, Services, Options, and Imports.

All of these are line-oriented, consisting of tokens separated by
whitespace.  The c-style backslash escapes may be used to insert
whitespace into a token.  Double quotes may also be used to prevent
whitespace from breaking text into multiple tokens.  The backslash,
when it is the last character on a line, may be used for line-folding.

Lines which start with a # (leading whitespace allowed) are comments.

Actions and Services implicitly declare a new section.  All commands
or options belong to the section most recently declared.  Commands
or options before the first section are ignored.

Actions and Services have unique names.  If a second Action is defined
with the same name as an existing one, its commands are appended to
the commands of the existing action.  If a second Service is defined
with the same name as an existing one, it is ignored and an error
message is logged.


Init .rc Files
--------------
The init language is used in plaintext files that take the .rc file
extension.  These are typically multiple of these in multiple
locations on the system, described below.

/init.rc is the primary .rc file and is loaded by the init executable
at the beginning of its execution.  It is responsible for the initial
set up of the system.  It imports /init.${ro.hardware}.rc which is the
primary vendor supplied .rc file.

During the mount_all command, the init executable loads all of the
files contained within the /{system,vendor,odm}/etc/init/ directories.
These directories are intended for all Actions and Services used after
file system mounting.

One may specify paths in the mount_all command line to have it import
.rc files at the specified paths instead of the default ones listed above.
This is primarily for supporting factory mode and other non-standard boot
modes.  The three default paths should be used for the normal boot process.

The intention of these directories is as follows
   1) /system/etc/init/ is for core system items such as
      SurfaceFlinger, MediaService, and logcatd.
   2) /vendor/etc/init/ is for SoC vendor items such as actions or
      daemons needed for core SoC functionality.
   3) /odm/etc/init/ is for device manufacturer items such as
      actions or daemons needed for motion sensor or other peripheral
      functionality.

All services whose binaries reside on the system, vendor, or odm
partitions should have their service entries placed into a
corresponding init .rc file, located in the /etc/init/
directory of the partition where they reside.  There is a build
system macro, LOCAL_INIT_RC, that handles this for developers.  Each
init .rc file should additionally contain any actions associated with
its service.

An example is the logcatd.rc and Android.mk files located in the
system/core/logcat directory.  The LOCAL_INIT_RC macro in the
Android.mk file places logcatd.rc in /system/etc/init/ during the
build process.  Init loads logcatd.rc during the mount_all command and
allows the service to be run and the action to be queued when
appropriate.

This break up of init .rc files according to their daemon is preferred
to the previously used monolithic init .rc files.  This approach
ensures that the only service entries that init reads and the only
actions that init performs correspond to services whose binaries are in
fact present on the file system, which was not the case with the
monolithic init .rc files.  This additionally will aid in merge
conflict resolution when multiple services are added to the system, as
each one will go into a separate file.

There are two options "early" and "late" in mount_all command
which can be set after optional paths. With "--early" set, the
init executable will skip mounting entries with "latemount" flag
and triggering fs encryption state event. With "--late" set,
init executable will only mount entries with "latemount" flag but skip
importing rc files. By default, no option is set, and mount_all will
mount_all will process all entries in the given fstab.

Actions
-------
Actions are named sequences of commands.  Actions have a trigger which
is used to determine when the action should occur.  When an event
occurs which matches an action's trigger, that action is added to
the tail of a to-be-executed queue (unless it is already on the
queue).

Each action in the queue is dequeued in sequence and each command in
that action is executed in sequence.  Init handles other activities
(device creation/destruction, property setting, process restarting)
"between" the execution of the commands in activities.

Actions take the form of:

on <trigger> [&& <trigger>]*
   <command>
   <command>
   <command>


Services
--------
Services are programs which init launches and (optionally) restarts
when they exit.  Services take the form of:

service <name> <pathname> [ <argument> ]*
   <option>
   <option>
   ...


Options
-------
Options are modifiers to services.  They affect how and when init
runs the service.

critical
  This is a device-critical service. If it exits more than four times in
  four minutes, the device will reboot into recovery mode.

disabled
  This service will not automatically start with its class.
  It must be explicitly started by name.

setenv <name> <value>
  Set the environment variable <name> to <value> in the launched process.

socket <name> <type> <perm> [ <user> [ <group> [ <seclabel> ] ] ]
  Create a unix domain socket named /dev/socket/<name> and pass
  its fd to the launched process.  <type> must be "dgram", "stream" or "seqpacket".
  User and group default to 0.
  'seclabel' is the SELinux security context for the socket.
  It defaults to the service security context, as specified by seclabel or
  computed based on the service executable file security context.

user <username>
  Change to username before exec'ing this service.
  Currently defaults to root.  (??? probably should default to nobody)
  As of Android M, processes should use this option even if they
  require linux capabilities.  Previously, to acquire linux
  capabilities, a process would need to run as root, request the
  capabilities, then drop to its desired uid.  There is a new
  mechanism through fs_config that allows device manufacturers to add
  linux capabilities to specific binaries on a file system that should
  be used instead. This mechanism is described on
  http://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/filesystem.html.  When
  using this new mechanism, processes can use the user option to
  select their desired uid without ever running as root.

group <groupname> [ <groupname> ]*
  Change to groupname before exec'ing this service.  Additional
  groupnames beyond the (required) first one are used to set the
  supplemental groups of the process (via setgroups()).
  Currently defaults to root.  (??? probably should default to nobody)

seclabel <seclabel>
  Change to 'seclabel' before exec'ing this service.
  Primarily for use by services run from the rootfs, e.g. ueventd, adbd.
  Services on the system partition can instead use policy-defined transitions
  based on their file security context.
  If not specified and no transition is defined in policy, defaults to the init context.

oneshot
  Do not restart the service when it exits.

class <name>
  Specify a class name for the service.  All services in a
  named class may be started or stopped together.  A service
  is in the class "default" if one is not specified via the
  class option.

onrestart
  Execute a Command (see below) when service restarts.

writepid <file...>
  Write the child's pid to the given files when it forks. Meant for
  cgroup/cpuset usage.


Triggers
--------
Triggers are strings which can be used to match certain kinds of
events and used to cause an action to occur.

Triggers are subdivided into event triggers and property triggers.

Event triggers are strings triggered by the 'trigger' command or by
the QueueEventTrigger() function within the init executable.  These
take the form of a simple string such as 'boot' or 'late-init'.

Property triggers are strings triggered when a named property changes
value to a given new value or when a named property changes value to
any new value.  These take the form of 'property:<name>=<value>' and
'property:<name>=*' respectively.  Property triggers are additionally
evaluated and triggered accordingly during the initial boot phase of
init.

An Action can have multiple property triggers but may only have one
event trigger.

For example:
'on boot && property:a=b' defines an action that is only executed when
the 'boot' event trigger happens and the property a equals b.

'on property:a=b && property:c=d' defines an action that is executed
at three times,
   1) During initial boot if property a=b and property c=d
   2) Any time that property a transitions to value b, while property
      c already equals d.
   3) Any time that property c transitions to value d, while property
      a already equals b.


Commands
--------

bootchart_init
   Start bootcharting if configured (see below).
   This is included in the default init.rc.

chmod <octal-mode> <path>
   Change file access permissions.

chown <owner> <group> <path>
   Change file owner and group.

class_start <serviceclass>
   Start all services of the specified class if they are
   not already running.

class_stop <serviceclass>
   Stop and disable all services of the specified class if they are
   currently running.

class_reset <serviceclass>
   Stop all services of the specified class if they are
   currently running, without disabling them. They can be restarted
   later using class_start.

copy <src> <dst>
   Copies a file. Similar to write, but useful for binary/large
   amounts of data.

domainname <name>
   Set the domain name.

enable <servicename>
   Turns a disabled service into an enabled one as if the service did not
   specify disabled.
   If the service is supposed to be running, it will be started now.
   Typically used when the bootloader sets a variable that indicates a specific
   service should be started when needed. E.g.
     on property:ro.boot.myfancyhardware=1
        enable my_fancy_service_for_my_fancy_hardware

exec [ <seclabel> [ <user> [ <group> ]* ] ] -- <command> [ <argument> ]*
   Fork and execute command with the given arguments. The command starts
   after "--" so that an optional security context, user, and supplementary
   groups can be provided. No other commands will be run until this one
   finishes. <seclabel> can be a - to denote default.

export <name> <value>
   Set the environment variable <name> equal to <value> in the
   global environment (which will be inherited by all processes
   started after this command is executed)

hostname <name>
   Set the host name.

ifup <interface>
   Bring the network interface <interface> online.

insmod <path>
   Install the module at <path>

load_all_props
   Loads properties from /system, /vendor, et cetera.
   This is included in the default init.rc.

load_persist_props
   Loads persistent properties when /data has been decrypted.
   This is included in the default init.rc.

loglevel <level>
   Sets the kernel log level to level. Properties are expanded within <level>.

mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group]
   Create a directory at <path>, optionally with the given mode, owner, and
   group. If not provided, the directory is created with permissions 755 and
   owned by the root user and root group. If provided, the mode, owner and group
   will be updated if the directory exists already.

mount_all <fstab> [ <path> ]* [--<option>]
   Calls fs_mgr_mount_all on the given fs_mgr-format fstab and imports .rc files
   at the specified paths (e.g., on the partitions just mounted) with optional
   options "early" and "late".
   Refer to the section of "Init .rc Files" for detail.

mount <type> <device> <dir> [ <flag> ]* [<options>]
   Attempt to mount the named device at the directory <dir>
   <device> may be of the form mtd@name to specify a mtd block
   device by name.
   <flag>s include "ro", "rw", "remount", "noatime", ...
   <options> include "barrier=1", "noauto_da_alloc", "discard", ... as
   a comma separated string, eg: barrier=1,noauto_da_alloc

powerctl
   Internal implementation detail used to respond to changes to the
   "sys.powerctl" system property, used to implement rebooting.

restart <service>
   Like stop, but doesn't disable the service.

restorecon <path> [ <path> ]*
   Restore the file named by <path> to the security context specified
   in the file_contexts configuration.
   Not required for directories created by the init.rc as these are
   automatically labeled correctly by init.

restorecon_recursive <path> [ <path> ]*
   Recursively restore the directory tree named by <path> to the
   security contexts specified in the file_contexts configuration.

rm <path>
   Calls unlink(2) on the given path. You might want to
   use "exec -- rm ..." instead (provided the system partition is
   already mounted).

rmdir <path>
   Calls rmdir(2) on the given path.

setprop <name> <value>
   Set system property <name> to <value>. Properties are expanded
   within <value>.

setrlimit <resource> <cur> <max>
   Set the rlimit for a resource.

start <service>
   Start a service running if it is not already running.

stop <service>
   Stop a service from running if it is currently running.

swapon_all <fstab>
   Calls fs_mgr_swapon_all on the given fstab file.

symlink <target> <path>
   Create a symbolic link at <path> with the value <target>

sysclktz <mins_west_of_gmt>
   Set the system clock base (0 if system clock ticks in GMT)

trigger <event>
   Trigger an event.  Used to queue an action from another
   action.

umount <path>
   Unmount the filesystem mounted at that path.

verity_load_state
   Internal implementation detail used to load dm-verity state.

verity_update_state <mount_point>
   Internal implementation detail used to update dm-verity state and
   set the partition.<mount_point>.verified properties used by adb remount
   because fs_mgr can't set them directly itself.

wait <path> [ <timeout> ]
   Poll for the existence of the given file and return when found,
   or the timeout has been reached. If timeout is not specified it
   currently defaults to five seconds.

write <path> <content>
   Open the file at <path> and write a string to it with write(2).
   If the file does not exist, it will be created. If it does exist,
   it will be truncated. Properties are expanded within <content>.


Imports
-------
The import keyword is not a command, but rather its own section and is
handled immediately after the .rc file that contains it has finished
being parsed.  It takes the below form:

import <path>
   Parse an init config file, extending the current configuration.
   If <path> is a directory, each file in the directory is parsed as
   a config file. It is not recursive, nested directories will
   not be parsed.

There are only two times where the init executable imports .rc files,
   1) When it imports /init.rc during initial boot
   2) When it imports /{system,vendor,odm}/etc/init/ or .rc files at specified
      paths during mount_all


Properties
----------
Init provides information about the services that it is responsible
for via the below properties.

init.svc.<name>
   State of a named service ("stopped", "stopping", "running", "restarting")


Bootcharting
------------
This version of init contains code to perform "bootcharting": generating log
files that can be later processed by the tools provided by www.bootchart.org.

On the emulator, use the -bootchart <timeout> option to boot with bootcharting
activated for <timeout> seconds.

On a device, create /data/bootchart/start with a command like the following:

  adb shell 'echo $TIMEOUT > /data/bootchart/start'

Where the value of $TIMEOUT corresponds to the desired bootcharted period in
seconds. Bootcharting will stop after that many seconds have elapsed.
You can also stop the bootcharting at any moment by doing the following:

  adb shell 'echo 1 > /data/bootchart/stop'

Note that /data/bootchart/stop is deleted automatically by init at the end of
the bootcharting. This is not the case with /data/bootchart/start, so don't
forget to delete it when you're done collecting data.

The log files are written to /data/bootchart/. A script is provided to
retrieve them and create a bootchart.tgz file that can be used with the
bootchart command-line utility:

  sudo apt-get install pybootchartgui
  # grab-bootchart.sh uses $ANDROID_SERIAL.
  $ANDROID_BUILD_TOP/system/core/init/grab-bootchart.sh

One thing to watch for is that the bootchart will show init as if it started
running at 0s. You'll have to look at dmesg to work out when the kernel
actually started init.


Comparing two bootcharts
------------------------
A handy script named compare-bootcharts.py can be used to compare the
start/end time of selected processes. The aforementioned grab-bootchart.sh
will leave a bootchart tarball named bootchart.tgz at /tmp/android-bootchart.
If two such barballs are preserved on the host machine under different
directories, the script can list the timestamps differences. For example:

Usage: system/core/init/compare-bootcharts.py base_bootchart_dir
       exp_bootchart_dir

process: baseline experiment (delta)
 - Unit is ms (a jiffy is 10 ms on the system)
------------------------------------
/init: 50 40 (-10)
/system/bin/surfaceflinger: 4320 4470 (+150)
/system/bin/bootanimation: 6980 6990 (+10)
zygote64: 10410 10640 (+230)
zygote: 10410 10640 (+230)
system_server: 15350 15150 (-200)
bootanimation ends at: 33790 31230 (-2560)


Systrace
--------
Systrace [1] can be used for obtaining performance analysis reports during boot
time on userdebug or eng builds.
Here is an example of trace events of "wm" and "am" categories:

  $ANDROID_BUILD_TOP/external/chromium-trace/systrace.py wm am --boot

This command will cause the device to reboot. After the device is rebooted and
the boot sequence has finished, the trace report is obtained from the device
and written as trace.html on the host by hitting Ctrl+C.

LIMITATION
Recording trace events is started after persistent properties are loaded, so
the trace events that are emitted before that are not recorded. Several
services such as vold, surfaceflinger, and servicemanager are affected by this
limitation since they are started before persistent properties are loaded.
Zygote initialization and the processes that are forked from the zygote are not
affected.

[1] http://developer.android.com/tools/help/systrace.html


Debugging init
--------------
By default, programs executed by init will drop stdout and stderr into
/dev/null. To help with debugging, you can execute your program via the
Android program logwrapper. This will redirect stdout/stderr into the
Android logging system (accessed via logcat).

For example
service akmd /system/bin/logwrapper /sbin/akmd

For quicker turnaround when working on init itself, use:

  mm -j
  m ramdisk-nodeps
  m bootimage-nodeps
  adb reboot bootloader
  fastboot boot $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/boot.img

Alternatively, use the emulator:

  emulator -partition-size 1024 -verbose -show-kernel -no-window

You might want to call klog_set_level(6) after the klog_init() call
so you see the kernel logging in dmesg (or the emulator output).