GNUFreeDocumentationLicense
Version1.2,November2002
Copyright(C)2000,2001,2002FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.
51FranklinSt,FifthFloor,Boston,MA02110-1301USA
Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopies
ofthislicensedocument,butchangingitisnotallowed.
0.PREAMBLE
ThepurposeofthisLicenseistomakeamanual,textbook,orother
functionalandusefuldocument"free"inthesenseoffreedom:to
assureeveryonetheeffectivefreedomtocopyandredistributeit,
withorwithoutmodifyingit,eithercommerciallyornoncommercially.
Secondarily,thisLicensepreservesfortheauthorandpublisheraway
togetcreditfortheirwork,whilenotbeingconsideredresponsible
formodificationsmadebyothers.
ThisLicenseisakindof"copyleft",whichmeansthatderivative
worksofthedocumentmustthemselvesbefreeinthesamesense.It
complementstheGNUGeneralPublicLicense,whichisacopyleft
licensedesignedforfreesoftware.
WehavedesignedthisLicenseinordertouseitformanualsforfree
software,becausefreesoftwareneedsfreedocumentation:afree
programshouldcomewithmanualsprovidingthesamefreedomsthatthe
softwaredoes.ButthisLicenseisnotlimitedtosoftwaremanuals;
itcanbeusedforanytextualwork,regardlessofsubjectmatteror
whetheritispublishedasaprintedbook.WerecommendthisLicense
principallyforworkswhosepurposeisinstructionorreference.
1.APPLICABILITYANDDEFINITIONS
ThisLicenseappliestoanymanualorotherwork,inanymedium,that
containsanoticeplacedbythecopyrightholdersayingitcanbe
distributedunderthetermsofthisLicense.Suchanoticegrantsa
world-wide,royalty-freelicense,unlimitedinduration,tousethat
workundertheconditionsstatedherein.The"Document",below,
referstoanysuchmanualorwork.Anymemberofthepublicisa
licensee,andisaddressedas"you".Youacceptthelicenseifyou
copy,modifyordistributetheworkinawayrequiringpermission
undercopyrightlaw.
A"ModifiedVersion"oftheDocumentmeansanyworkcontainingthe
Documentoraportionofit,eithercopiedverbatim,orwith
modificationsand/ortranslatedintoanotherlanguage.
A"SecondarySection"isanamedappendixorafront-mattersectionof
theDocumentthatdealsexclusivelywiththerelationshipofthe
publishersorauthorsoftheDocumenttotheDocument'soverallsubject
(ortorelatedmatters)andcontainsnothingthatcouldfalldirectly
withinthatoverallsubject.(Thus,iftheDocumentisinparta
textbookofmathematics,aSecondarySectionmaynotexplainany
mathematics.)Therelationshipcouldbeamatterofhistorical
connectionwiththesubjectorwithrelatedmatters,oroflegal,
commercial,philosophical,ethicalorpoliticalpositionregarding
them.
The"InvariantSections"arecertainSecondarySectionswhosetitles
aredesignated,asbeingthoseofInvariantSections,inthenotice
thatsaysthattheDocumentisreleasedunderthisLicense.Ifa
sectiondoesnotfittheabovedefinitionofSecondarythenitisnot
allowedtobedesignatedasInvariant.TheDocumentmaycontainzero
InvariantSections.IftheDocumentdoesnotidentifyanyInvariant
Sectionsthentherearenone.
The"CoverTexts"arecertainshortpassagesoftextthatarelisted,
asFront-CoverTextsorBack-CoverTexts,inthenoticethatsaysthat
theDocumentisreleasedunderthisLicense.AFront-CoverTextmay
beatmost5words,andaBack-CoverTextmaybeatmost25words.
A"Transparent"copyoftheDocumentmeansamachine-readablecopy,
representedinaformatwhosespecificationisavailabletothe
generalpublic,thatissuitableforrevisingthedocument
straightforwardlywithgenerictexteditorsor(forimagescomposedof
pixels)genericpaintprogramsor(fordrawings)somewidelyavailable
drawingeditor,andthatissuitableforinputtotextformattersor
forautomatictranslationtoavarietyofformatssuitableforinput
totextformatters.AcopymadeinanotherwiseTransparentfile
formatwhosemarkup,orabsenceofmarkup,hasbeenarrangedtothwart
ordiscouragesubsequentmodificationbyreadersisnotTransparent.
AnimageformatisnotTransparentifusedforanysubstantialamount
oftext.Acopythatisnot"Transparent"iscalled"Opaque".
ExamplesofsuitableformatsforTransparentcopiesincludeplain
ASCIIwithoutmarkup,Texinfoinputformat,LaTeXinputformat,SGML
orXMLusingapubliclyavailableDTD,andstandard-conformingsimple
HTML,PostScriptorPDFdesignedforhumanmodification.Examplesof
transparentimageformatsincludePNG,XCFandJPG.Opaqueformats
includeproprietaryformatsthatcanbereadandeditedonlyby
proprietarywordprocessors,SGMLorXMLforwhichtheDTDand/or
processingtoolsarenotgenerallyavailable,andthe
machine-generatedHTML,PostScriptorPDFproducedbysomeword
processorsforoutputpurposesonly.
The"TitlePage"means,foraprintedbook,thetitlepageitself,
plussuchfollowingpagesasareneededtohold,legibly,thematerial
thisLicenserequirestoappearinthetitlepage.Forworksin
formatswhichdonothaveanytitlepageassuch,"TitlePage"means
thetextnearthemostprominentappearanceofthework'stitle,
precedingthebeginningofthebodyofthetext.
Asection"EntitledXYZ"meansanamedsubunitoftheDocumentwhose
titleeitherispreciselyXYZorcontainsXYZinparenthesesfollowing
textthattranslatesXYZinanotherlanguage.(HereXYZstandsfora
specificsectionnamementionedbelow,suchas"Acknowledgements",
"Dedications","Endorsements",or"History".)To"PreservetheTitle"
ofsuchasectionwhenyoumodifytheDocumentmeansthatitremainsa
section"EntitledXYZ"accordingtothisdefinition.
TheDocumentmayincludeWarrantyDisclaimersnexttothenoticewhich
statesthatthisLicenseappliestotheDocument.TheseWarranty
Disclaimersareconsideredtobeincludedbyreferenceinthis
License,butonlyasregardsdisclaimingwarranties:anyother
implicationthattheseWarrantyDisclaimersmayhaveisvoidandhas
noeffectonthemeaningofthisLicense.
2.VERBATIMCOPYING
YoumaycopyanddistributetheDocumentinanymedium,either
commerciallyornoncommercially,providedthatthisLicense,the
copyrightnotices,andthelicensenoticesayingthisLicenseapplies
totheDocumentarereproducedinallcopies,andthatyouaddnoother
conditionswhatsoevertothoseofthisLicense.Youmaynotuse
technicalmeasurestoobstructorcontrolthereadingorfurther
copyingofthecopiesyoumakeordistribute.However,youmayaccept
compensationinexchangeforcopies.Ifyoudistributealargeenough
numberofcopiesyoumustalsofollowtheconditionsinsection3.
Youmayalsolendcopies,underthesameconditionsstatedabove,and
youmaypubliclydisplaycopies.
3.COPYINGINQUANTITY
Ifyoupublishprintedcopies(orcopiesinmediathatcommonlyhave
printedcovers)oftheDocument,numberingmorethan100,andthe
Document'slicensenoticerequiresCoverTexts,youmustenclosethe
copiesincoversthatcarry,clearlyandlegibly,alltheseCover
Texts:Front-CoverTextsonthefrontcover,andBack-CoverTextson
thebackcover.Bothcoversmustalsoclearlyandlegiblyidentify
youasthepublisherofthesecopies.Thefrontcovermustpresent
thefulltitlewithallwordsofthetitleequallyprominentand
visible.Youmayaddothermaterialonthecoversinaddition.
Copyingwithchangeslimitedtothecovers,aslongastheypreserve
thetitleoftheDocumentandsatisfytheseconditions,canbetreated
asverbatimcopyinginotherrespects.
Iftherequiredtextsforeithercoveraretoovoluminoustofit
legibly,youshouldputthefirstoneslisted(asmanyasfit
reasonably)ontheactualcover,andcontinuetherestontoadjacent
pages.
IfyoupublishordistributeOpaquecopiesoftheDocumentnumbering
morethan100,youmusteitherincludeamachine-readableTransparent
copyalongwitheachOpaquecopy,orstateinorwitheachOpaquecopy
acomputer-networklocationfromwhichthegeneralnetwork-using
publichasaccesstodownloadusingpublic-standardnetworkprotocols
acompleteTransparentcopyoftheDocument,freeofaddedmaterial.
Ifyouusethelatteroption,youmusttakereasonablyprudentsteps,
whenyoubegindistributionofOpaquecopiesinquantity,toensure
thatthisTransparentcopywillremainthusaccessibleatthestated
locationuntilatleastoneyearafterthelasttimeyoudistributean
Opaquecopy(directlyorthroughyouragentsorretailers)ofthat
editiontothepublic.
Itisrequested,butnotrequired,thatyoucontacttheauthorsofthe
Documentwellbeforeredistributinganylargenumberofcopies,togive
themachancetoprovideyouwithanupdatedversionoftheDocument.
4.MODIFICATIONS
YoumaycopyanddistributeaModifiedVersionoftheDocumentunder
theconditionsofsections2and3above,providedthatyourelease
theModifiedVersionunderpreciselythisLicense,withtheModified
VersionfillingtheroleoftheDocument,thuslicensingdistribution
andmodificationoftheModifiedVersiontowhoeverpossessesacopy
ofit.Inaddition,youmustdothesethingsintheModifiedVersion:
A.UseintheTitlePage(andonthecovers,ifany)atitledistinct
fromthatoftheDocument,andfromthoseofpreviousversions
(whichshould,iftherewereany,belistedintheHistorysection
oftheDocument).Youmayusethesametitleasapreviousversion
iftheoriginalpublisherofthatversiongivespermission.
B.ListontheTitlePage,asauthors,oneormorepersonsorentities
responsibleforauthorshipofthemodificationsintheModified
Version,togetherwithatleastfiveoftheprincipalauthorsofthe
Document(allofitsprincipalauthors,ifithasfewerthanfive),
unlesstheyreleaseyoufromthisrequirement.
C.StateontheTitlepagethenameofthepublisherofthe
ModifiedVersion,asthepublisher.
D.PreserveallthecopyrightnoticesoftheDocument.
E.Addanappropriatecopyrightnoticeforyourmodifications
adjacenttotheothercopyrightnotices.
F.Include,immediatelyafterthecopyrightnotices,alicensenotice
givingthepublicpermissiontousetheModifiedVersionunderthe
termsofthisLicense,intheformshownintheAddendumbelow.
G.PreserveinthatlicensenoticethefulllistsofInvariantSections
andrequiredCoverTextsgivenintheDocument'slicensenotice.
H.IncludeanunalteredcopyofthisLicense.
I.PreservethesectionEntitled"History",PreserveitsTitle,andadd
toitanitemstatingatleastthetitle,year,newauthors,and
publisheroftheModifiedVersionasgivenontheTitlePage.If
thereisnosectionEntitled"History"intheDocument,createone
statingthetitle,year,authors,andpublisheroftheDocumentas
givenonitsTitlePage,thenaddanitemdescribingtheModified
Versionasstatedintheprevioussentence.
J.Preservethenetworklocation,ifany,givenintheDocumentfor
publicaccesstoaTransparentcopyoftheDocument,andlikewise
thenetworklocationsgivenintheDocumentforpreviousversions
itwasbasedon.Thesemaybeplacedinthe"History"section.
Youmayomitanetworklocationforaworkthatwaspublishedat
leastfouryearsbeforetheDocumentitself,oriftheoriginal
publisheroftheversionitreferstogivespermission.
K.ForanysectionEntitled"Acknowledgements"or"Dedications",
PreservetheTitleofthesection,andpreserveinthesectionall
thesubstanceandtoneofeachofthecontributoracknowledgements
and/ordedicationsgiventherein.
L.PreservealltheInvariantSectionsoftheDocument,
unalteredintheirtextandintheirtitles.Sectionnumbers
ortheequivalentarenotconsideredpartofthesectiontitles.
M.DeleteanysectionEntitled"Endorsements".Suchasection
maynotbeincludedintheModifiedVersion.
N.DonotretitleanyexistingsectiontobeEntitled"Endorsements"
ortoconflictintitlewithanyInvariantSection.
O.PreserveanyWarrantyDisclaimers.
IftheModifiedVersionincludesnewfront-mattersectionsor
appendicesthatqualifyasSecondarySectionsandcontainnomaterial
copiedfromtheDocument,youmayatyouroptiondesignatesomeorall
ofthesesectionsasinvariant.Todothis,addtheirtitlestothe
listofInvariantSectionsintheModifiedVersion'slicensenotice.
Thesetitlesmustbedistinctfromanyothersectiontitles.
YoumayaddasectionEntitled"Endorsements",provideditcontains
nothingbutendorsementsofyourModifiedVersionbyvarious
parties--forexample,statementsofpeerrevieworthatthetexthas
beenapprovedbyanorganizationastheauthoritativedefinitionofa
standard.
YoumayaddapassageofuptofivewordsasaFront-CoverText,anda
passageofupto25wordsasaBack-CoverText,totheendofthelist
ofCoverTextsintheModifiedVersion.Onlyonepassageof
Front-CoverTextandoneofBack-CoverTextmaybeaddedby(or
througharrangementsmadeby)anyoneentity.IftheDocumentalready
includesacovertextforthesamecover,previouslyaddedbyyouor
byarrangementmadebythesameentityyouareactingonbehalfof,
youmaynotaddanother;butyoumayreplacetheoldone,onexplicit
permissionfromthepreviouspublisherthataddedtheoldone.
Theauthor(s)andpublisher(s)oftheDocumentdonotbythisLicense
givepermissiontousetheirnamesforpublicityforortoassertor
implyendorsementofanyModifiedVersion.
5.COMBININGDOCUMENTS
YoumaycombinetheDocumentwithotherdocumentsreleasedunderthis
License,underthetermsdefinedinsection4aboveformodified
versions,providedthatyouincludeinthecombinationallofthe
InvariantSectionsofalloftheoriginaldocuments,unmodified,and
listthemallasInvariantSectionsofyourcombinedworkinits
licensenotice,andthatyoupreservealltheirWarrantyDisclaimers.
ThecombinedworkneedonlycontainonecopyofthisLicense,and
multipleidenticalInvariantSectionsmaybereplacedwithasingle
copy.IftherearemultipleInvariantSectionswiththesamenamebut
differentcontents,makethetitleofeachsuchsectionuniqueby
addingattheendofit,inparentheses,thenameoftheoriginal
authororpublisherofthatsectionifknown,orelseauniquenumber.
Makethesameadjustmenttothesectiontitlesinthelistof
InvariantSectionsinthelicensenoticeofthecombinedwork.
Inthecombination,youmustcombineanysectionsEntitled"History"
inthevariousoriginaldocuments,formingonesectionEntitled
"History";likewisecombineanysectionsEntitled"Acknowledgements",
andanysectionsEntitled"Dedications".Youmustdeleteallsections
Entitled"Endorsements".
6.COLLECTIONSOFDOCUMENTS
YoumaymakeacollectionconsistingoftheDocumentandotherdocuments
releasedunderthisLicense,andreplacetheindividualcopiesofthis
Licenseinthevariousdocumentswithasinglecopythatisincludedin
thecollection,providedthatyoufollowtherulesofthisLicensefor
verbatimcopyingofeachofthedocumentsinallotherrespects.
Youmayextractasingledocumentfromsuchacollection,anddistribute
itindividuallyunderthisLicense,providedyouinsertacopyofthis
Licenseintotheextracteddocument,andfollowthisLicenseinall
otherrespectsregardingverbatimcopyingofthatdocument.
7.AGGREGATIONWITHINDEPENDENTWORKS
AcompilationoftheDocumentoritsderivativeswithotherseparate
andindependentdocumentsorworks,inoronavolumeofastorageor
distributionmedium,iscalledan"aggregate"ifthecopyright
resultingfromthecompilationisnotusedtolimitthelegalrights
ofthecompilation'susersbeyondwhattheindividualworkspermit.
WhentheDocumentisincludedinanaggregate,thisLicensedoesnot
applytotheotherworksintheaggregatewhicharenotthemselves
derivativeworksoftheDocument.
IftheCoverTextrequirementofsection3isapplicabletothese
copiesoftheDocument,theniftheDocumentislessthanonehalfof
theentireaggregate,theDocument'sCoverTextsmaybeplacedon
coversthatbrackettheDocumentwithintheaggregate,orthe
electronicequivalentofcoversiftheDocumentisinelectronicform.
Otherwisetheymustappearonprintedcoversthatbracketthewhole
aggregate.
8.TRANSLATION
Translationisconsideredakindofmodification,soyoumay
distributetranslationsoftheDocumentunderthetermsofsection4.
ReplacingInvariantSectionswithtranslationsrequiresspecial
permissionfromtheircopyrightholders,butyoumayinclude
translationsofsomeorallInvariantSectionsinadditiontothe
originalversionsoftheseInvariantSections.Youmayincludea
translationofthisLicense,andallthelicensenoticesinthe
Document,andanyWarrantyDisclaimers,providedthatyoualsoinclude
theoriginalEnglishversionofthisLicenseandtheoriginalversions
ofthosenoticesanddisclaimers.Incaseofadisagreementbetween
thetranslationandtheoriginalversionofthisLicenseoranotice
ordisclaimer,theoriginalversionwillprevail.
IfasectionintheDocumentisEntitled"Acknowledgements",
"Dedications",or"History",therequirement(section4)toPreserve
itsTitle(section1)willtypicallyrequirechangingtheactual
title.
9.TERMINATION
Youmaynotcopy,modify,sublicense,ordistributetheDocumentexcept
asexpresslyprovidedforunderthisLicense.Anyotherattemptto
copy,modify,sublicenseordistributetheDocumentisvoid,andwill
automaticallyterminateyourrightsunderthisLicense.However,
partieswhohavereceivedcopies,orrights,fromyouunderthis
Licensewillnothavetheirlicensesterminatedsolongassuch
partiesremaininfullcompliance.
10.FUTUREREVISIONSOFTHISLICENSE
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationmaypublishnew,revisedversions
oftheGNUFreeDocumentationLicensefromtimetotime.Suchnew
versionswillbesimilarinspirittothepresentversion,butmay
differindetailtoaddressnewproblemsorconcerns.See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
EachversionoftheLicenseisgivenadistinguishingversionnumber.
IftheDocumentspecifiesthataparticularnumberedversionofthis
License"oranylaterversion"appliestoit,youhavetheoptionof
followingthetermsandconditionseitherofthatspecifiedversionor
ofanylaterversionthathasbeenpublished(notasadraft)bythe
FreeSoftwareFoundation.IftheDocumentdoesnotspecifyaversion
numberofthisLicense,youmaychooseanyversioneverpublished(not
asadraft)bytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.
ADDENDUM:HowtousethisLicenseforyourdocuments
TousethisLicenseinadocumentyouhavewritten,includeacopyof
theLicenseinthedocumentandputthefollowingcopyrightand
licensenoticesjustafterthetitlepage:
Copyright(c)YEARYOURNAME.
Permissionisgrantedtocopy,distributeand/ormodifythisdocument
underthetermsoftheGNUFreeDocumentationLicense,Version1.2
oranylaterversionpublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation;
withnoInvariantSections,noFront-CoverTexts,andnoBack-CoverTexts.
Acopyofthelicenseisincludedinthesectionentitled"GNU
FreeDocumentationLicense".
IfyouhaveInvariantSections,Front-CoverTextsandBack-CoverTexts,
replacethe"with...Texts."linewiththis:
withtheInvariantSectionsbeingLISTTHEIRTITLES,withthe
Front-CoverTextsbeingLIST,andwiththeBack-CoverTextsbeingLIST.
IfyouhaveInvariantSectionswithoutCoverTexts,orsomeother
combinationofthethree,mergethosetwoalternativestosuitthe
situation.
Ifyourdocumentcontainsnontrivialexamplesofprogramcode,we
recommendreleasingtheseexamplesinparallelunderyourchoiceof
freesoftwarelicense,suchastheGNUGeneralPublicLicense,
topermittheiruseinfreesoftware.