GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSE
Version2,June1991
Copyright(C)1989,1991FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.,
51FranklinStreet,FifthFloor,Boston,MA02110-1301USA
Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopies
ofthislicensedocument,butchangingitisnotallowed.
Preamble
Thelicensesformostsoftwarearedesignedtotakeawayyour
freedomtoshareandchangeit.Bycontrast,theGNUGeneralPublic
Licenseisintendedtoguaranteeyourfreedomtoshareandchangefree
software--tomakesurethesoftwareisfreeforallitsusers.This
GeneralPublicLicenseappliestomostoftheFreeSoftware
Foundation'ssoftwareandtoanyotherprogramwhoseauthorscommitto
usingit.(SomeotherFreeSoftwareFoundationsoftwareiscoveredby
theGNULesserGeneralPublicLicenseinstead.)Youcanapplyitto
yourprograms,too.
Whenwespeakoffreesoftware,wearereferringtofreedom,not
price.OurGeneralPublicLicensesaredesignedtomakesurethatyou
havethefreedomtodistributecopiesoffreesoftware(andchargefor
thisserviceifyouwish),thatyoureceivesourcecodeorcangetit
ifyouwantit,thatyoucanchangethesoftwareorusepiecesofit
innewfreeprograms;andthatyouknowyoucandothesethings.
Toprotectyourrights,weneedtomakerestrictionsthatforbid
anyonetodenyyoutheserightsortoaskyoutosurrendertherights.
Theserestrictionstranslatetocertainresponsibilitiesforyouifyou
distributecopiesofthesoftware,orifyoumodifyit.
Forexample,ifyoudistributecopiesofsuchaprogram,whether
gratisorforafee,youmustgivetherecipientsalltherightsthat
youhave.Youmustmakesurethatthey,too,receiveorcangetthe
sourcecode.Andyoumustshowthemthesetermssotheyknowtheir
rights.
Weprotectyourrightswithtwosteps:(1)copyrightthesoftware,and
(2)offeryouthislicensewhichgivesyoulegalpermissiontocopy,
distributeand/ormodifythesoftware.
Also,foreachauthor'sprotectionandours,wewanttomakecertain
thateveryoneunderstandsthatthereisnowarrantyforthisfree
software.Ifthesoftwareismodifiedbysomeoneelseandpassedon,we
wantitsrecipientstoknowthatwhattheyhaveisnottheoriginal,so
thatanyproblemsintroducedbyotherswillnotreflectontheoriginal
authors'reputations.
Finally,anyfreeprogramisthreatenedconstantlybysoftware
patents.Wewishtoavoidthedangerthatredistributorsofafree
programwillindividuallyobtainpatentlicenses,ineffectmakingthe
programproprietary.Topreventthis,wehavemadeitclearthatany
patentmustbelicensedforeveryone'sfreeuseornotlicensedatall.
Theprecisetermsandconditionsforcopying,distributionand
modificationfollow.
GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSE
TERMSANDCONDITIONSFORCOPYING,DISTRIBUTIONANDMODIFICATION
0.ThisLicenseappliestoanyprogramorotherworkwhichcontains
anoticeplacedbythecopyrightholdersayingitmaybedistributed
underthetermsofthisGeneralPublicLicense.The"Program",below,
referstoanysuchprogramorwork,anda"workbasedontheProgram"
meanseithertheProgramoranyderivativeworkundercopyrightlaw:
thatistosay,aworkcontainingtheProgramoraportionofit,
eitherverbatimorwithmodificationsand/ortranslatedintoanother
language.(Hereinafter,translationisincludedwithoutlimitationin
theterm"modification".)Eachlicenseeisaddressedas"you".
Activitiesotherthancopying,distributionandmodificationarenot
coveredbythisLicense;theyareoutsideitsscope.Theactof
runningtheProgramisnotrestricted,andtheoutputfromtheProgram
iscoveredonlyifitscontentsconstituteaworkbasedonthe
Program(independentofhavingbeenmadebyrunningtheProgram).
WhetherthatistruedependsonwhattheProgramdoes.
1.YoumaycopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesoftheProgram's
sourcecodeasyoureceiveit,inanymedium,providedthatyou
conspicuouslyandappropriatelypublishoneachcopyanappropriate
copyrightnoticeanddisclaimerofwarranty;keepintactallthe
noticesthatrefertothisLicenseandtotheabsenceofanywarranty;
andgiveanyotherrecipientsoftheProgramacopyofthisLicense
alongwiththeProgram.
Youmaychargeafeeforthephysicalactoftransferringacopy,and
youmayatyouroptionofferwarrantyprotectioninexchangeforafee.
2.YoumaymodifyyourcopyorcopiesoftheProgramoranyportion
ofit,thusformingaworkbasedontheProgram,andcopyand
distributesuchmodificationsorworkunderthetermsofSection1
above,providedthatyoualsomeetalloftheseconditions:
a)Youmustcausethemodifiedfilestocarryprominentnotices
statingthatyouchangedthefilesandthedateofanychange.
b)Youmustcauseanyworkthatyoudistributeorpublish,thatin
wholeorinpartcontainsorisderivedfromtheProgramorany
partthereof,tobelicensedasawholeatnochargetoallthird
partiesunderthetermsofthisLicense.
c)Ifthemodifiedprogramnormallyreadscommandsinteractively
whenrun,youmustcauseit,whenstartedrunningforsuch
interactiveuseinthemostordinaryway,toprintordisplayan
announcementincludinganappropriatecopyrightnoticeanda
noticethatthereisnowarranty(orelse,sayingthatyouprovide
awarranty)andthatusersmayredistributetheprogramunder
theseconditions,andtellingtheuserhowtoviewacopyofthis
License.(Exception:iftheProgramitselfisinteractivebut
doesnotnormallyprintsuchanannouncement,yourworkbasedon
theProgramisnotrequiredtoprintanannouncement.)
Theserequirementsapplytothemodifiedworkasawhole.If
identifiablesectionsofthatworkarenotderivedfromtheProgram,
andcanbereasonablyconsideredindependentandseparateworksin
themselves,thenthisLicense,anditsterms,donotapplytothose
sectionswhenyoudistributethemasseparateworks.Butwhenyou
distributethesamesectionsaspartofawholewhichisaworkbased
ontheProgram,thedistributionofthewholemustbeonthetermsof
thisLicense,whosepermissionsforotherlicenseesextendtothe
entirewhole,andthustoeachandeverypartregardlessofwhowroteit.
Thus,itisnottheintentofthissectiontoclaimrightsorcontest
yourrightstoworkwrittenentirelybyyou;rather,theintentisto
exercisetherighttocontrolthedistributionofderivativeor
collectiveworksbasedontheProgram.
Inaddition,mereaggregationofanotherworknotbasedontheProgram
withtheProgram(orwithaworkbasedontheProgram)onavolumeof
astorageordistributionmediumdoesnotbringtheotherworkunder
thescopeofthisLicense.
3.YoumaycopyanddistributetheProgram(oraworkbasedonit,
underSection2)inobjectcodeorexecutableformunderthetermsof
Sections1and2aboveprovidedthatyoualsodooneofthefollowing:
a)Accompanyitwiththecompletecorrespondingmachine-readable
sourcecode,whichmustbedistributedunderthetermsofSections
1and2aboveonamediumcustomarilyusedforsoftwareinterchange;or,
b)Accompanyitwithawrittenoffer,validforatleastthree
years,togiveanythirdparty,forachargenomorethanyour
costofphysicallyperformingsourcedistribution,acomplete
machine-readablecopyofthecorrespondingsourcecode,tobe
distributedunderthetermsofSections1and2aboveonamedium
customarilyusedforsoftwareinterchange;or,
c)Accompanyitwiththeinformationyoureceivedastotheoffer
todistributecorrespondingsourcecode.(Thisalternativeis
allowedonlyfornoncommercialdistributionandonlyifyou
receivedtheprograminobjectcodeorexecutableformwithsuch
anoffer,inaccordwithSubsectionbabove.)
Thesourcecodeforaworkmeansthepreferredformoftheworkfor
makingmodificationstoit.Foranexecutablework,completesource
codemeansallthesourcecodeforallmodulesitcontains,plusany
associatedinterfacedefinitionfiles,plusthescriptsusedto
controlcompilationandinstallationoftheexecutable.However,asa
specialexception,thesourcecodedistributedneednotinclude
anythingthatisnormallydistributed(ineithersourceorbinary
form)withthemajorcomponents(compiler,kernel,andsoon)ofthe
operatingsystemonwhichtheexecutableruns,unlessthatcomponent
itselfaccompaniestheexecutable.
Ifdistributionofexecutableorobjectcodeismadebyoffering
accesstocopyfromadesignatedplace,thenofferingequivalent
accesstocopythesourcecodefromthesameplacecountsas
distributionofthesourcecode,eventhoughthirdpartiesarenot
compelledtocopythesourcealongwiththeobjectcode.
4.Youmaynotcopy,modify,sublicense,ordistributetheProgram
exceptasexpresslyprovidedunderthisLicense.Anyattempt
otherwisetocopy,modify,sublicenseordistributetheProgramis
void,andwillautomaticallyterminateyourrightsunderthisLicense.
However,partieswhohavereceivedcopies,orrights,fromyouunder
thisLicensewillnothavetheirlicensesterminatedsolongassuch
partiesremaininfullcompliance.
5.YouarenotrequiredtoacceptthisLicense,sinceyouhavenot
signedit.However,nothingelsegrantsyoupermissiontomodifyor
distributetheProgramoritsderivativeworks.Theseactionsare
prohibitedbylawifyoudonotacceptthisLicense.Therefore,by
modifyingordistributingtheProgram(oranyworkbasedonthe
Program),youindicateyouracceptanceofthisLicensetodoso,and
allitstermsandconditionsforcopying,distributingormodifying
theProgramorworksbasedonit.
6.EachtimeyouredistributetheProgram(oranyworkbasedonthe
Program),therecipientautomaticallyreceivesalicensefromthe
originallicensortocopy,distributeormodifytheProgramsubjectto
thesetermsandconditions.Youmaynotimposeanyfurther
restrictionsontherecipients'exerciseoftherightsgrantedherein.
Youarenotresponsibleforenforcingcompliancebythirdpartiesto
thisLicense.
7.If,asaconsequenceofacourtjudgmentorallegationofpatent
infringementorforanyotherreason(notlimitedtopatentissues),
conditionsareimposedonyou(whetherbycourtorder,agreementor
otherwise)thatcontradicttheconditionsofthisLicense,theydonot
excuseyoufromtheconditionsofthisLicense.Ifyoucannot
distributesoastosatisfysimultaneouslyyourobligationsunderthis
Licenseandanyotherpertinentobligations,thenasaconsequenceyou
maynotdistributetheProgramatall.Forexample,ifapatent
licensewouldnotpermitroyalty-freeredistributionoftheProgramby
allthosewhoreceivecopiesdirectlyorindirectlythroughyou,then
theonlywayyoucouldsatisfybothitandthisLicensewouldbeto
refrainentirelyfromdistributionoftheProgram.
Ifanyportionofthissectionisheldinvalidorunenforceableunder
anyparticularcircumstance,thebalanceofthesectionisintendedto
applyandthesectionasawholeisintendedtoapplyinother
circumstances.
Itisnotthepurposeofthissectiontoinduceyoutoinfringeany
patentsorotherpropertyrightclaimsortocontestvalidityofany
suchclaims;thissectionhasthesolepurposeofprotectingthe
integrityofthefreesoftwaredistributionsystem,whichis
implementedbypubliclicensepractices.Manypeoplehavemade
generouscontributionstothewiderangeofsoftwaredistributed
throughthatsysteminrelianceonconsistentapplicationofthat
system;itisuptotheauthor/donortodecideifheorsheiswilling
todistributesoftwarethroughanyothersystemandalicenseecannot
imposethatchoice.
Thissectionisintendedtomakethoroughlyclearwhatisbelievedto
beaconsequenceoftherestofthisLicense.
8.Ifthedistributionand/oruseoftheProgramisrestrictedin
certaincountrieseitherbypatentsorbycopyrightedinterfaces,the
originalcopyrightholderwhoplacestheProgramunderthisLicense
mayaddanexplicitgeographicaldistributionlimitationexcluding
thosecountries,sothatdistributionispermittedonlyinoramong
countriesnotthusexcluded.Insuchcase,thisLicenseincorporates
thelimitationasifwritteninthebodyofthisLicense.
9.TheFreeSoftwareFoundationmaypublishrevisedand/ornewversions
oftheGeneralPublicLicensefromtimetotime.Suchnewversionswill
besimilarinspirittothepresentversion,butmaydifferindetailto
addressnewproblemsorconcerns.
Eachversionisgivenadistinguishingversionnumber.IftheProgram
specifiesaversionnumberofthisLicensewhichappliestoitand"any
laterversion",youhavetheoptionoffollowingthetermsandconditions
eitherofthatversionorofanylaterversionpublishedbytheFree
SoftwareFoundation.IftheProgramdoesnotspecifyaversionnumberof
thisLicense,youmaychooseanyversioneverpublishedbytheFreeSoftware
Foundation.
10.IfyouwishtoincorporatepartsoftheProgramintootherfree
programswhosedistributionconditionsaredifferent,writetotheauthor
toaskforpermission.ForsoftwarewhichiscopyrightedbytheFree
SoftwareFoundation,writetotheFreeSoftwareFoundation;wesometimes
makeexceptionsforthis.Ourdecisionwillbeguidedbythetwogoals
ofpreservingthefreestatusofallderivativesofourfreesoftwareand
ofpromotingthesharingandreuseofsoftwaregenerally.
NOWARRANTY
11.BECAUSETHEPROGRAMISLICENSEDFREEOFCHARGE,THEREISNOWARRANTY
FORTHEPROGRAM,TOTHEEXTENTPERMITTEDBYAPPLICABLELAW.EXCEPTWHEN
OTHERWISESTATEDINWRITINGTHECOPYRIGHTHOLDERSAND/OROTHERPARTIES
PROVIDETHEPROGRAM"ASIS"WITHOUTWARRANTYOFANYKIND,EITHEREXPRESSED
ORIMPLIED,INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITEDTO,THEIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOF
MERCHANTABILITYANDFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.THEENTIRERISKAS
TOTHEQUALITYANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEPROGRAMISWITHYOU.SHOULDTHE
PROGRAMPROVEDEFECTIVE,YOUASSUMETHECOSTOFALLNECESSARYSERVICING,
REPAIRORCORRECTION.
12.INNOEVENTUNLESSREQUIREDBYAPPLICABLELAWORAGREEDTOINWRITING
WILLANYCOPYRIGHTHOLDER,ORANYOTHERPARTYWHOMAYMODIFYAND/OR
REDISTRIBUTETHEPROGRAMASPERMITTEDABOVE,BELIABLETOYOUFORDAMAGES,
INCLUDINGANYGENERAL,SPECIAL,INCIDENTALORCONSEQUENTIALDAMAGESARISING
OUTOFTHEUSEORINABILITYTOUSETHEPROGRAM(INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITED
TOLOSSOFDATAORDATABEINGRENDEREDINACCURATEORLOSSESSUSTAINEDBY
YOUORTHIRDPARTIESORAFAILUREOFTHEPROGRAMTOOPERATEWITHANYOTHER
PROGRAMS),EVENIFSUCHHOLDEROROTHERPARTYHASBEENADVISEDOFTHE
POSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGES.
ENDOFTERMSANDCONDITIONS
HowtoApplyTheseTermstoYourNewPrograms
Ifyoudevelopanewprogram,andyouwantittobeofthegreatest
possibleusetothepublic,thebestwaytoachievethisistomakeit
freesoftwarewhicheveryonecanredistributeandchangeundertheseterms.
Todoso,attachthefollowingnoticestotheprogram.Itissafest
toattachthemtothestartofeachsourcefiletomosteffectively
conveytheexclusionofwarranty;andeachfileshouldhaveatleast
the"copyright"lineandapointertowherethefullnoticeisfound.
<onelinetogivetheprogram'snameandabriefideaofwhatitdoes.>
Copyright(C)<year><nameofauthor>
Thisprogramisfreesoftware;youcanredistributeitand/ormodify
itunderthetermsoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicenseaspublishedby
theFreeSoftwareFoundation;eitherversion2oftheLicense,or
(atyouroption)anylaterversion.
Thisprogramisdistributedinthehopethatitwillbeuseful,
butWITHOUTANYWARRANTY;withouteventheimpliedwarrantyof
MERCHANTABILITYorFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.Seethe
GNUGeneralPublicLicenseformoredetails.
YoushouldhavereceivedacopyoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicensealong
withthisprogram;ifnot,writetotheFreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.,
51FranklinStreet,FifthFloor,Boston,MA02110-1301USA.
Alsoaddinformationonhowtocontactyoubyelectronicandpapermail.
Iftheprogramisinteractive,makeitoutputashortnoticelikethis
whenitstartsinaninteractivemode:
Gnomovisionversion69,Copyright(C)yearnameofauthor
GnomovisioncomeswithABSOLUTELYNOWARRANTY;fordetailstype`showw'.
Thisisfreesoftware,andyouarewelcometoredistributeit
undercertainconditions;type`showc'fordetails.
Thehypotheticalcommands`showw'and`showc'shouldshowtheappropriate
partsoftheGeneralPublicLicense.Ofcourse,thecommandsyouusemay
becalledsomethingotherthan`showw'and`showc';theycouldevenbe
mouse-clicksormenuitems--whateversuitsyourprogram.
Youshouldalsogetyouremployer(ifyouworkasaprogrammer)oryour
school,ifany,tosigna"copyrightdisclaimer"fortheprogram,if
necessary.Hereisasample;alterthenames:
Yoyodyne,Inc.,herebydisclaimsallcopyrightinterestintheprogram
`Gnomovision'(whichmakespassesatcompilers)writtenbyJamesHacker.
<signatureofTyCoon>,1April1989
TyCoon,PresidentofVice
ThisGeneralPublicLicensedoesnotpermitincorporatingyourprograminto
proprietaryprograms.Ifyourprogramisasubroutinelibrary,youmay
consideritmoreusefultopermitlinkingproprietaryapplicationswiththe
library.Ifthisiswhatyouwanttodo,usetheGNULesserGeneral
PublicLicenseinsteadofthisLicense.